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NMN for Brain Fog: Exploring its Role in Cognitive Function

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in NMN, Memory Loss and Brain Fog, NAD+ Precursors.

Ever felt like your brain is moving in slow motion? That mental cloudiness where simple tasks seem difficult? This is brain fog – a common cognitive problem that affects many people.

Recently, scientists have been studying Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) as a supplement that might help clear this mental fog and improve brain function.

Let’s look at what science actually says about NMN and brain fog. Is this supplement truly the cognitive breakthrough some claim, or is there more to the story?

Key Takeaways

  • “Brain fog” refers to symptoms like trouble focusing or remembering, not a specific disease. These issues can interfere with your day-to-day activities.
  • NMN helps boost NAD+, a crucial molecule for producing energy within your cells. Since NAD+ levels drop with age, increasing them may support brain health.
  • Research in animals suggests NMN offers cognitive benefits. Studies in humans are still developing, but the basic science (the mechanism) showing how NMN could help is solid.
  • To best tackle brain fog, consider a well-rounded approach: NMN supplements combined with diet improvements, exercise, managing stress, and quality sleep.

Understanding Brain Fog: More Than Just a Fuzzy Feeling

A pink brain-shaped object that appears to be a candle, with a visible wick at the top, placed against a solid light blue background

While “brain fog” isn’t an official medical diagnosis, it describes a group of cognitive symptoms that can seriously impact your day-to-day life.

People with brain fog often experience:

  • Trouble concentrating or staying focused
  • Memory issues and forgetfulness
  • Slower thinking
  • Mental tiredness and lack of clarity
  • Feeling confused or disoriented
  • Difficulty finding the right words
  • Struggling to complete simple tasks

These problems can range from small annoyances to major disruptions affecting work, relationships, and overall happiness. A key challenge is that brain fog can come from many different sources and affect anyone, not just people with long-term health conditions.

Research shows brain fog is especially common in people with long COVID.1 Many women also experience it during menopause.2 It’s particularly prevalent in neurological conditions like narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, affecting more than 75% of patients with these disorders.3

What is NMN? The Cellular Energy Connection

NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) is a natural compound in the human body. It acts as a precursor – basically, a starting material – for making another molecule called NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide).

So, what makes NAD+ so important? It’s a coenzyme, meaning it helps other enzymes do their jobs inside our cells – specifically, jobs related to energy and health.

NAD+ plays a part in over 500 processes that keep our cells working properly. Some key functions include:

  • Turning food into cellular fuel (energy metabolism, ATP production)
  • Repairing our genetic code (DNA repair mechanisms)
  • Sending signals within and between cells (cellular signaling)
  • Controlling sleep/wake cycles (regulation of circadian rhythms)
  • Keeping the immune system strong (immune function)
  • Supporting mental sharpness (cognitive processes)

Why does this matter for aging and brain health? Your natural supply of NAD+ goes down as you age. 

It’s estimated that by the time we reach middle-age, NAD+ levels could be 50% lower than in our youth.4 Scientists believe this drop is connected to aspects of aging, including reduced energy and declines in cognitive abilities.

The theory behind using NMN supplements follows directly from this. By providing more NMN, the body gets more raw material to produce NAD+. The hope is that increasing NAD+ levels could help slow down or even reverse some age-related issues, potentially boosting cognitive function along the way.

Vitality NAD+ Booster promotional image

NMN and Brain Function: The Science

Research suggests that NMN supports brain health through four key mechanisms:

  1. NAD+ Boost: NMN easily turns into NAD+ inside your body. This raises NAD+ levels in the brain, which is the essential first step for all its other brain benefits.
  2. Supporting Mitochondria: NMN helps the mitochondria, the ‘power plants’ inside brain cells, work better. Since your brain uses a huge amount of energy (around 20% of your body’s total!), efficient mitochondria lead to better brain cell performance and clearer thinking.
  3. Activating Sirtuins: By increasing NAD+, NMN activates sirtuin proteins. These proteins protect neurons from damage and support cognitive processes. Studies show NMN raises NAD+ and SIRT1 in the hippocampus (memory center) of mice, correlating with better learning.5
  4. Improving Brain Blood Flow: NMN can improve neurovascular coupling. This is the important link between brain activity and the blood flow needed to support it. Studies found that NMN treatment in older mice helped restore this brain-blood flow connection, which was linked to better memory and coordination.6

What Does the Research Say?

The research on NMN and cognitive function includes both animal and human studies, though animal studies currently show stronger results.

A woman with dark hair and pearl earrings sits at a chessboard, concentrating deeply with her hand on her forehead

Animal Studies Show Promise

Animal research has found several cognitive benefits from NMN:

  • Rats with Alzheimer’s-like symptoms showed improved cognitive function after 10 days of NMN treatment (500 mg/kg) when tested in water mazes.7
  • In rats with vascular cognitive problems, NMN prevented mental decline and protected brain tissue while reducing inflammation markers.8
  • The previously mentioned study in aged mice6 showed improved spatial working memory after just two weeks of NMN treatment.

Human Research is Limited

Human studies on NMN and brain function are just beginning:

  • A controlled trial with 20 healthy older men (65+) showed that taking NMN (250 mg daily) for 12 weeks successfully raised blood NAD+ levels.9 However, the study didn’t find significant improvements in cognitive function tests. Researchers believe the study may have been too small and brief to detect cognitive changes.

This highlights a key point: while the biological evidence and animal research look promising, we need more human studies to confirm NMN’s cognitive benefits in people.

How NMN Supplements May Help Combat Brain Fog

Based on the available evidence, NMN might reduce brain fog through these pathways:

1. Boosting Cellular Energy Production

NMN raises NAD+ levels, which improves mitochondrial function (your cells’ energy generators). This may boost mental energy and clear foggy thinking. Since your brain is an energy-hungry organ, this effect is particularly relevant.

2. Reducing Brain Inflammation

Neuroinflammation contributes to cognitive problems. NMN activates SIRT1, which helps fight inflammation and oxidative stress. Mouse studies show NMN can counter inflammatory responses in the brain, potentially improving clarity of thought.

3. Supporting DNA Repair and Cellular Maintenance

NAD+ activates PARPs, which repair damaged DNA.10 By supporting cellular health and repair processes in neurons, NMN may help maintain healthy brain function and prevent cognitive impairment.

4. Improving Cerebral Blood Flow

Your brain needs good circulation to deliver oxygen and nutrients. Studies in older mice showed that NMN improved cerebrovascular function11, which could help with brain fog by ensuring brain cells get enough resources.

Getting Started with NMN Supplementation

Multiple supplement capsules scattered on a white surface.

Thinking about trying NMN to clear brain fog? Here’s what you need to know:

How to Take NMN

NMN dosages vary based on your age and health:

  • Ages 18-30: 250 mg daily
  • Ages 31-50: 500 mg daily
  • Ages 50+: 1000 mg daily
  • Athletes: Higher doses (500-1000 mg depending on age)

Remember, these are general guidelines. Your needs may be different. Most experts suggest starting with a lower dose (250-500 mg daily) and slowly increasing if needed.

Safety and Side Effects

NMN is generally safe when taken as recommended. Research shows most people tolerate daily doses up to 1,000-1,200 mg.

You might experience mild side effects when beginning NMN or at higher doses:

  • Nausea
  • Fatigue
  • Headaches
  • Stomach discomfort

Keep in mind that we don’t have many long-term studies on NMN in humans yet. Check with your doctor before starting NMN, particularly if you have health conditions or take other medications.

Natural Sources of NMN

NMN can also be found in small amounts in various foods:

  • Broccoli
  • Cabbage
  • Edamame
  • Avocado
  • Tomatoes

However, the concentrations in these foods are generally too low to make much of a difference for NAD+ levels, which is why supplementation is often used for therapeutic reasons.

Cognitive Benefits of NMN for Specific Conditions

Brain fog presents differently depending on its cause. Here’s how NMN might help in various conditions:

Menopause and Brain Fog

  • When estrogen levels change during menopause, thinking clearly becomes harder
  • NMN helps cells produce more energy when hormonal shifts affect brain function
  • Specialized products like Jinfiniti’s Vitality NAD+ Booster combine NMN with creatine to support cognitive health during menopause

Long COVID and Brain Fog

  • Scientific reviews confirm many long COVID sufferers experience brain fog
  • NMN may help by reducing brain inflammation and boosting cell energy production

ADHD and Brain Fog

  • ADHD often involves problems with concentration, memory, and mental stamina
  • These issues may be linked to dopamine imbalances
  • NMN could help with mental fatigue by supporting how cells make energy

Age-Related Cognitive Decline

  • As we grow older, NAD+ levels fall, which can impair thinking abilities
  • NMN supplements work to replenish NAD+ and support brain cell health

Beyond Supplements: Fighting Brain Fog on Multiple Fronts

A woman in a coral t-shirt sitting at a desk with their head in their hands, appearing stressed or frustrated

NMN supplements can help with brain fog, but adding these lifestyle changes can have an even stronger impact:

Smart Diet Strategies

  • Time-Restricted Eating: Triggers ketone production, helps insulin work better, and reduces inflammation
  • Low-Carb Approach: Balances blood sugar levels by cutting out sugary and processed foods. Choose healthy fats, proteins, and non-starchy vegetables instead

Daily Habits for a Clearer Mind

  • Consistent Sleep: 7-8 hours on a regular schedule helps brain recovery
  • Moving Your Body: Exercise increases blood flow to the brain, boosting mental function
  • Managing Stress: Use meditation, yoga, or nature time to clear stress-related fog
  • Controlling Screen Time: Take breaks during the day and avoid screens before bed
  • Proper Hydration: Stay well-hydrated to prevent thinking difficulties

Can NMN Help Reduce Brain Fog? Promise and Limitations

NMN shows real promise for fighting brain fog and boosting brain function. It works by increasing NAD+ levels, improving cellular energy, reducing inflammation, and protecting brain cells – all good reasons to consider it for mental clarity issues.

Animal studies strongly support NMN’s brain benefits. While we need more human studies, we understand how NMN works in the body, which explains why it might help with brain fog.

Keep your expectations realistic though. Brain fog usually has multiple causes, so you might need to change your diet, adjust your lifestyle, or try other treatments alongside NMN depending on what’s causing your symptoms.

Research on NMN is still growing, and we’ll learn more about its benefits over time. For now, it offers a promising way to fight brain fog and improve thinking in our busy world.

Talk to your doctor before starting NMN, especially if you have health conditions or take medications. They can help determine if it’s safe for your situation.

Referenced Sources

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38447388/ ↩︎
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36178170/ ↩︎
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38217475/ ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7442590/ ↩︎
  5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213231723001465 ↩︎
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015147/ ↩︎
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27130898/ ↩︎
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35769369/ ↩︎
  9. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158788/ ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6740200/ ↩︎
  11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221323171930240X ↩︎
Portrait of happy mature woman enjoying wonderful sunny day in nature

10 Ways to Increase Your NAD+ Levels

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in NAD+, Longevity, NAD, NAD+ Precursors, Nutrition. No Comments on 10 Ways to Increase Your NAD+ Levels

Aging isn’t only about getting older. It’s also about your cells running out of key resources.

One of these resources is NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a molecule that powers cellular energy production and DNA repair processes. As we age, our NAD+ levels can decrease by up to 50%, which accelerates age-related health issues.

But there’s good news. Science has found ways to increase NAD+ levels.

This complete guide gives you 10 simple, research-backed strategies to boost your NAD+ and and keep your body resilient as you age.

Why NAD+ Matters

  • Powers cellular energy production and DNA repair
  • Decreases by up to 50% with age, accelerating health issues
  • Supports mitochondria, gene activity, and cell communication
  • Low levels linked to cognitive decline, metabolic disorders, and muscle loss

10 Evidence-Based Ways to Boost NAD+ Levels

  1. Exercise Regularly
    • HIIT workouts (2-3x weekly)
    • Strength training (3x weekly)
    • Aerobic exercise (30-45 min, 4-5x weekly)
  2. Optimize Diet
    • Foods rich in B3: Milk, fish, turkey, mushrooms
    • Tryptophan sources: Eggs, nuts, chicken
    • Polyphenols: Red grapes, blueberries, dark chocolate
  3. Practice Fasting
    • 16:8 pattern (eat within 8-hour window)
    • 5:2 pattern (reduce calories 2 days/week)
    • Monthly prolonged fasting (48+ hours)
  4. NAD+ Precursor Supplements
    • NMN: 300-900mg daily
    • Nicotinamide Riboside: 250-1000mg daily
    • Niacin: Consult healthcare provider for dosage
  5. Manage Stress
    • Mindfulness meditation
    • Deep breathing exercises
    • Regular social connections
  6. Use Temperature Therapy
    • Sauna: 15-20 minutes at 170-190°F
    • Cold exposure: 1-3 minute cold showers
  7. Consider Ketogenic Diet
    • Short ketogenic periods (1-2 weeks quarterly)
    • Cyclical approach (5 keto days, 2 moderate carb days)
  8. Prioritize Sleep
    • Keep regular sleep schedule
    • Morning sunlight exposure
    • Reduce evening blue light
  9. Reduce Alcohol Consumption
    • Limit or avoid alcohol to preserve NAD+
  10. Practice Sun Safety
    • Use SPF 30+ zinc oxide sunscreen
    • Wear protective clothing
    • Avoid peak sun hours

Always consult with a healthcare professional before making significant lifestyle or supplement changes.

What is NAD+ and Why Does it Matter?

NAD+ serves as the critical energy currency for your cells. It’s a molecule that powers virtually all the metabolic processes throughout your body.

Your cells use NAD+ to:

  • Power mitochondria, your cellular energy generators
  • Repair DNA damage before mutations can form
  • Control gene activity through sirtuins, proteins associated with longer life
  • Direct stress responses that defend cells
  • Maintain communication between cells and organs

As we age, our bodies experience a steady drop in cellular and tissue NAD+ levels. This drop in NAD+ is directly connected to many diseases associated with aging, such as cognitive decline, cancer, metabolic disorders, muscle loss (sarcopenia), and overall frailty1.

What Causes NAD+ Levels to Drop?

NAD+ levels naturally decrease with age, but certain lifestyle habits significantly increase the demand for it, speeding up its depletion:

  • Aging: This is the primary driver. As years pass, our bodies naturally become less efficient at producing and recycling NAD+.
  • Alcohol: Your body needs NAD+ to process alcohol, leaving less available for normal repairs. Even a few drinks can temporarily reduce your NAD+ levels.
  • Overeating: When you consume excess calories, your body uses more NAD+ for metabolism.
  • Chronic stress: When you’re stressed for long periods, your body activates repair systems that use up NAD+ to fix DNA damage.
  • Poor sleep: Poor sleep disrupts your body’s natural daily cycles that regulate NAD+. 
  • UV exposure: Excessive sunlight exposure damages skin cells, triggering repair processes that consume lots of NAD+.
  • Inflammatory diets: Processed foods, refined sugars, and certain cooking oils can cause inflammation and cell damage, using up NAD+ during repairs.

Being aware of these factors can help you make changes to maintain your body’s natural NAD+ production.

10 Ways to Increase Your Body’s NAD+ Levels

Here are ten science-backed ways to increase NAD levels, combining natural approaches with effective dietary supplements.

NAD+ Boosting Methods

How to Boost NAD+ Levels

Exercise & Activity

  • HIIT workouts boost NAD+ production by up to 30%
  • Strength training preserves muscle mass where NAD+ is stored
  • Regular moderate activity maintains healthy baseline NAD+ levels

Implementation Tips

Start with 2-3 short HIIT sessions weekly (20-30 min), combined with 2-3 strength training sessions. Even 30 minutes of daily walking can significantly improve NAD+ metabolism.

Exercise increases NAD+ through multiple pathways. Physical activity increases expression of NAMPT, the rate-limiting enzyme in NAD+ production. Research in Cell Metabolism showed that endurance exercise specifically activates the SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway, enhancing mitochondrial function through increased NAD+/NADH ratio.

Nutritional Approaches

  • Intermittent fasting increases NAD+ by activating AMPK
  • B3-rich foods provide direct NAD+ precursors
  • Polyphenols from berries and grapes protect existing NAD+
  • Ketogenic diets improve the NAD+/NADH ratio

Implementation Tips

Try starting with a 16:8 fasting window (16 hours fasting, 8 hours eating). Incorporate foods like turkey, mushrooms, salmon, and green leafy vegetables. For polyphenols, add blueberries, red grapes, and green tea to your daily routine.

Fasting activates the cellular energy sensor AMPK, which increases NAD+ biosynthesis. A 2019 study in Cell Metabolism demonstrated that caloric restriction increases NAD+ levels in multiple tissues and enhances sirtuin activity, particularly SIRT3, which is associated with longevity benefits.

NAD+ Precursor Supplements

  • NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide): 300-900mg daily
  • NR (Nicotinamide Riboside): 250-1000mg daily
  • Niacin (Vitamin B3): Effective but may cause flushing
  • Supporting supplements: Resveratrol, Quercetin, TMG

Implementation Tips

NMN and NR are most effective when taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Starting with lower doses and gradually increasing can help minimize potential side effects like mild digestive discomfort.

Clinical trials show both NMN and NR effectively raise blood NAD+ levels. A 2022 study in Science found that NMN supplementation improved muscle insulin sensitivity and increased NAD+ levels in skeletal muscle. Resveratrol acts as a SIRT1 activator, while quercetin inhibits CD38, an enzyme that consumes NAD+.

Temperature Therapies & Sleep

  • Sauna use activates heat shock proteins that increase NAD+
  • Cold exposure stimulates brown fat and NAMPT enzyme
  • Quality sleep preserves the circadian rhythm of NAD+ production
  • Sun protection prevents UV-induced NAD+ depletion

Implementation Tips

Start with 2-3 sauna sessions weekly (10-20 minutes) or try 30-second cold showers after warm ones. Prioritize consistent sleep/wake times, morning sunlight exposure, and reduce blue light 2 hours before bedtime.

Heat stress induces NAMPT expression through HSF1 activation. Research in Cell Reports demonstrated that regular sauna use increases NAD+ levels by approximately 20% through these pathways. Cold exposure activates brown adipose tissue, which has high mitochondrial density and NAD+ turnover. The circadian rhythm governs NAMPT expression, with disrupted sleep directly impacting NAD+ synthesis.

Important Note: Before making significant changes to your diet, exercise routine, or adding supplements, always consult with a healthcare professional. They can help you create a safe and effective plan tailored to your individual needs, supporting your cellular health and longevity journey.

1. Exercise Regularly

Group exercise session at the park

Exercise is one of the most powerful natural ways to boost NAD+ levels.

HIIT workouts are especially good at boosting NAD+ levels2. Regular moderate activities like walking, biking, or swimming also help maintain healthy NAD+ levels3.

Your muscles store large amounts of NAD+, so strength training is helpful. Studies show aerobic exercise is approximately 9% more effective at increasing NAMPT4, which is the key enzyme that produces NAD+.

For maximum NAD+ benefits, try:

  • Strength training: 3 times weekly
  • Aerobic exercise: 30-45 minutes, 4-5 times weekly
  • HIIT: 20-30 minutes, 2-3 times weekly
  • Regular movement throughout each day

Remember that consistency is more important than intensity. Regular moderate exercise gives better long term NAD+ support than occasional hard workouts.

2. Focus on Diet and Nutrition

Several foods can increase NAD+ metabolism by providing building blocks and supporting its production:

  • Vitamin B3 Sources: Foods rich in B3 (niacin, niacinamide, or nicotinamide riboside) directly support NAD+ production. These include milk, fish, turkey, mushrooms, green vegetables, and whole grains.
  • Tryptophan-Rich Foods: Tryptophan can be converted to NAD+ in the body. Good sources include milk, turkey, fish, eggs, and nuts.
  • Polyphenol Foods: Resveratrol found in red grapes, blueberries, and dark chocolate activates sirtuins and may increase mitochondrial NAD+5. Quercetin in apples, onions, and green tea helps block CD38, an enzyme that uses up NAD+.
  • Diet Recommendations: Limiting processed foods and refined sugars helps maintain NAD+ levels because high sugar intake increases NAD+ demand. The Mediterranean diet with its fruits, vegetables, healthy fats, and moderate protein appears especially good for NAD+ metabolism as we age.
Infographic showing 5 ways to increase NAD+ levels naturally

3. Practice Fasting and Calorie Restriction

When you eat might matter as much as what you eat for NAD+ levels. Time-restricted eating patterns create metabolic conditions that naturally elevate NAD+ levels.

Fasting activates AMPK, your cellular "starvation sensor," which increases NAD+ by:

  • Boosting the NAMPT enzyme that recycles NAD+6
  • Shifting metabolism from carbohydrate to fat burning7, improving the NAD+/NADH ratio

This change is important because excess NADH can prevent NAD+ enzymes like sirtuins from working properly8.

Several fasting methods can boost NAD+ effectively:

  • 16:8 Pattern: Eat all meals within an 8-hour window daily (usually skip breakfast, have a late lunch and early dinner)
  • 5:2 Pattern: Eat normally five days a week while cutting calories by 75% for two non-consecutive days
  • Prolonged Fasting: Do occasional 48+ hour fasts (typically once a month)

4. Supplement with NAD+ Precursors

Taking NAD+ precursor supplements offers a straightforward way to increase cellular NAD+ levels. This becomes more important as we age since our natural production decreases.

Vitality NAD+ Booster promotional image

Research strongly supports three main precursors:

  • Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): NMN converts to NAD+ in just one enzyme step. Clinical research found that taking a daily NMN dosage between 300-900mg increased blood NAD+ levels, with 600mg giving the best results9. Participants showed better physical performance and improved health without any safety concerns.
  • Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): NR is a smaller molecule than NMN and enters cells through specific carriers. Human studies have confirmed that NR safely increases NAD+ levels when taken at doses between 250 and 1000mg daily10.
  • Niacin (Nicotinic Acid): Niacin is vitamin B3 and the most affordable NAD+ precursor. Research published in Cell Metabolism in 2020 showed that niacin supplements increased blood NAD+ levels up to 8 times11, potentially helping conditions linked to low NAD+.

Always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.

5. Manage Daily Stress

A serene lakeside scene with a woman sitting on lush green grass at the water's edge

Chronic stress increases body inflammation, which quickly depletes NAD+. During inflammatory responses, immune cells produce more CD38, an enzyme that breaks down NAD+12.

Stress hormones like cortisol also alter metabolic pathways, disrupting the balance between NAD+ production and consumption.

Stress management techniques help maintain NAD+ levels:

  • Mindfulness meditation reduces inflammation markers connected to NAD+ depletion
  • Deep breathing exercises activate the "rest-and-digest" nervous system, lowering stress hormone production
  • Social connections reduce biological stress markers that deplete NAD+
  • Time outdoors lowers stress hormones and inflammation markers

6. Use Saunas and Cold Therapy

Heat and cold exposure can raise NAD+ levels through specific processes in your cells.

When you take a sauna, the high temperature activates special heat shock proteins that repair cell damage. These proteins trigger enzymes that produce NAD+ directly13 and even protect your heart14.

Cold exposure works differently. It activates brown fat, a type of fat that burns energy instead of storing it. This process increases NAD+ by stimulating the NAMPT enzyme15.

For maximum benefits, try:

  • Traditional sauna sessions (170 to 190°F) for 15 to 20 minutes
  • Infrared sauna sessions (120 to 140°F) for 20 to 30 minutes
  • Hot baths (104 to 108°F) for 20 minutes if saunas are not available
  • Cold showers (50 to 60°F) for 1 to 3 minutes or ice baths (50 to 59°F) for 2 to 5 minutes

7. Try a Ketogenic Diet

Ketogenic diets can increase NAD+ levels through key metabolic changes. These low carb, high fat diets make your body burn fat instead of glucose, producing ketones for fuel.

This metabolic shift increases the NAD+/NADH ratio in your cells16. When you eat fewer carbs, your body makes less NADH during glycolysis. This leaves more NAD+ available for important cell functions like sirtuin activation and DNA repair.

If you want to try ketogenic approaches for NAD+ benefits without completely changing your diet, consider these options:

  • Short ketogenic periods (1-2 weeks every three months)
  • Cyclical ketogenic eating (5 keto days, 2 moderate carb days)
  • Ketone supplements with lower carb intake

Remember that long term strict ketogenic diets can be difficult for many people. Cyclical approaches might be more sustainable for improving NAD+ levels.

8. Optimize Your Sleep

A woman sleeping peacefully

NAD+ levels rise and fall with sleep patterns, showing a strong relationship between sleep habits and NAD+ function17.

Sleep allows your body to repair itself, a process that relies heavily on NAD+. Research shows that your circadian rhythm directly influences NAD+ levels18.

To preserve NAD+ levels and optimize natural rhythms:

  • Keep regular sleep hours to synchronize NAD+ production
  • Get sunlight in the morning to reset your body clock that affects NAD+ creation
  • Reduce blue light exposure at night to protect melatonin and NAD+ cycles
  • Schedule meals earlier since late night eating disrupts NAD+ metabolism

9. Reduce Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol severely lowers NAD+ levels in your body, particularly when blood alcohol levels are high or during excessive drinking episodes19. Your body needs NAD+ to process alcohol, which changes it into NADH and disrupts the balance between these important molecules.

When NAD+ levels fall, your cells struggle to produce energy, fix damaged DNA, regulate genes, and combat oxidative stress. This can cause liver problems and other alcohol related health complications.

Limiting or avoiding alcohol helps preserve your body's NAD+ supply, leading to better cellular function and improved health overall.

10. Practice Sun Safety

A woman applying sunscreen on her arm

UV radiation quickly reduces NAD+ levels in skin cells, with noticeable drops just one hour after exposure20. This creates a cellular competition as UV damage activates both NAD+ production and consumption processes at the same time.

Studies show that when protective substances are added after UV exposure, cells can quickly restore NAD+ levels within minutes21. This shows how the body can replenish this important molecule with proper support.

To maintain NAD+ levels:

  • Use quality sunscreen (zinc oxide with SPF 30 or higher is effective)
  • Wear sun protective clothing
  • Avoid direct sunlight during peak hours

These basic protective steps help preserve higher NAD+ levels, supporting cellular energy production, DNA repair, and overall health.

Your Blueprint for Boosting NAD+

While NAD+ has promising health benefits, optimizing your body's NAD+ levels isn't about finding a single magic bullet, it's about building a holistic strategy. 

While individual actions help, combining positive lifestyle changes often yields the best results. Think of it like this:

  • Fuel Wisely: Eat a diet rich in NAD+ precursors and consider supplementation.
  • Move Regularly: Engage in consistent exercise.
  • Consider Timing: Explore intermittent fasting or caloric restriction (if appropriate for you).
  • Manage Stress and Sleep: Prioritize effective stress reduction and adequate rest.
  • Limit Drainers: Reduce alcohol intake and avoid excessive sun exposure.

Even small, consistent efforts in these areas can work together, creating a powerful synergistic effect that enhances NAD+ production and use.

Remember, your ideal approach depends on factors like your age (as NAD+ naturally declines over time), current health, and specific goals. Always consult healthcare professionals before making significant diet, exercise, or supplement changes.

FAQs

Are There Any Side Effects to Increasing NAD+ Levels?

Most NAD+ boosting methods are safe when done correctly. However, potential side effects can include:

  • Mild digestive discomfort with supplements
  • Temporary fatigue during initial lifestyle changes
  • Potential interactions with existing medications

Always consult a healthcare professional, especially if you:

  • Have pre-existing health conditions
  • Are taking prescription medications
  • Have a history of metabolic disorders

Can Young People Benefit from NAD+ Optimization?

Younger individuals typically have higher natural NAD+ levels, so focus on preventative strategies like:

  • Consistent exercise
  • Balanced nutrition
  • Stress management
  • Adequate sleep

Is There a Way to Test My NAD+ Levels?

Unlike common health markers, NAD+ isn't measured in standard blood tests. Specialized intracellular NAD testing reveals actual cellular NAD+ concentrations, showing whether your supplements and lifestyle changes work. 

Jinfiniti's Intracellular NAD Test provides this data, helping optimize your strategy with confidence. Testing before and after starting supplements confirms you're getting results from your investment.

Can I Overdo NAD+ Boosting?

Like many biological processes, NAD+ follows a principle of balance:

Potential risks of excessive NAD+ boosting:

  • Metabolic imbalances
  • Potential interference with natural cellular processes
  • Unnecessary financial strain from over-supplementation

Recommended approach:

  • Start with lifestyle modifications
  • Introduce supplements gradually
  • Test your NAD+ levels periodically
  • Monitor your body's response
  • Work with a healthcare professional to find your optimal strategy

What Other Supplements Might Support NAD levels?

Beyond the main NAD+ boosters, these supplements may help support NAD+ levels in your body:

  • Resveratrol: Found in red grapes, resveratrol activates SIRT1, an enzyme powered by NAD+. Taking 100-500mg daily may help your body use NAD+ more efficiently.
  • Quercetin: This plant compound blocks CD38, which normally breaks down NAD+. Taking 500-1000mg daily might help preserve your NAD+ levels.
  • Apigenin: Present in parsley and chamomile tea, this blocks PARP1 (an enzyme that depletes NAD+). A typical dose is 50-100mg daily.
  • TMG: When taking NAD+ precursors, methylation pathways can become unbalanced. TMG (500-1000mg daily) helps maintain this balance.
  • Zinc: NAD+ production requires zinc. Since many adults have low zinc levels, adding 15-30mg daily can support NAD+ synthesis.

As always, consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplements.

Does Gut Health Impact NAD+?

An interesting finding from 2024 research shows gut bacteria may play a role in how our bodies process NAD+22. Basically, when you take NAD+ supplements orally, they undergo major changes through the gut microbiome.

For those taking NAD+ boosting supplements, these findings suggest that focusing on improving gut health might help maximize benefits.

Referenced Sources

  1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-020-00313-x ↩︎
  2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159124006871 ↩︎
  3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S053155652300030X ↩︎
  4. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1287421/full ↩︎
  5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3868777/ ↩︎
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20148352/ ↩︎
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10899445/ ↩︎
  8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7752291/ ↩︎
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/ ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9495723/ ↩︎
  11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041312030190X ↩︎
  12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-020-00305-3 ↩︎
  13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23349863/ ↩︎
  14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10969690/ ↩︎
  15. https://www.cell-stress.com/researcharticles/2024a-grazioso-cell-stress/ ↩︎
  16. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5694488/ ↩︎
  17. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10752388/ ↩︎
  18. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10665902/ ↩︎
  19. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014480016300107 ↩︎
  20. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1011134421001172 ↩︎
  21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2123732/ ↩︎
  22. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X24001256 ↩︎
A row of various supplement capsules on a marble countertop

Reviewing Dr. David Sinclair’s Supplement Regimen in 2025

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in Supplements, NAD+, NAD+ Precursors, NMN.

Dr. David Sinclair, Ph.D., is a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and one of the world’s foremost researchers on aging and longevity.

His work focuses on understanding why we age and finding ways to slow or reverse aging. Sinclair believes that aging isn’t just inevitable decline but a treatable condition—a biological process we might control through specific interventions.

The supplement routine described below is Dr. Sinclair’s personal protocol based on his understanding of current scientific research and compiled from his public comments in various interviews and podcast appearances.

Important Disclaimer: As a researcher with access to advanced testing and medical oversight, Dr. Sinclair’s choices reflect a higher risk tolerance than might be suitable for most people. This article examines his regimen but is not medical advice. Always talk to your doctor before starting any supplements.

David Sinclair’s Complete Supplement List in 2025

  • Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): 1 gram daily
  • Resveratrol: 1 gram daily with yogurt
  • Spermidine: 1-2 mg daily
  • Fisetin: 500 mg daily
  • Vitamin D3: 4,000-5,000 IU daily
  • Vitamin K2: 180-360 mcg daily
  • Trimethylglycine (TMG/Betaine): 500-1,000 mg daily
  • Omega-3 Fish Oil: Dosage not specified
  • L-Taurine: 2 grams daily
  • CoQ10: Dosage not specified in recent sources
  • Metformin: 800-1,000 mg in the evening
  • Low-Dose Aspirin: 83 mg daily
  • Rapamycin: Dosage not publicly disclosed

The sections that follow will explore each supplement in detail, covering how they work, the evidence behind them, and practical considerations for anyone interested in longevity.

David Sinclair’s Core Anti-Aging Supplements

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Four key supplements form the base of David Sinclair’s anti-aging routine, each targeting specific cellular aging processes.

These core compounds work together on different but related pathways – they boost NAD+ production, activate sirtuins, enhance autophagy (the body’s cellular recycling system), and help clear out harmful senescent cells.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)

  • What It Is: NAD+ precursor that converts directly to NAD+ in cells. NAD+ is a critical coenzyme that declines with age and is involved in hundreds of metabolic reactions. NMN is one of several compounds that can replenish NAD+ levels, potentially counteracting this age-related decline.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: 1 gram daily, taken in the morning with yogurt to enhance absorption. Sinclair specifically mentions that the fat content in yogurt helps with bioavailability.
  • Claimed Benefits: Supports cellular energy production through enhanced mitochondrial function. May improve DNA repair mechanisms, particularly important as these decline with age. Potentially enhances metabolic flexibility and glucose regulation. Sinclair also suggests it contributes to overall cellular resilience.
  • Scientific Evidence: Multiple studies show promising results for metabolism1, physical performance2, and various aging markers3. Human clinical trials are limited but growing – several small studies show safety and modest metabolic improvements. The large, long-term human studies needed to validate lifespan or healthspan effects are still in progress or planning stages.
  • Considerations: High cost (often $100+ monthly at Sinclair’s dosage). Bioavailability may be a challenge. Alternative NAD+ precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR) have more human clinical data.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, for those serious about longevity optimization. The promising research on cellular energy and metabolic health makes quality NMN supplements a worthwhile investment, especially for adults over 40 experiencing natural NAD+ decline.

Resveratrol

  • What It Is: A natural compound found in red wine, grapes, and berries. Acts as a sirtuin activator, especially SIRT1 proteins that help maintain cellular health and longevity.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: 1 gram daily with yogurt or fat to improve absorption. Taken alongside NMN for potential synergistic effects.
  • Claimed Benefits: Activates SIRT1 to boost cellular health and stress resistance. Resveratrol works with NMN to enhance mitochondrial function through increased NAD+. May improve heart health and reduce inflammation.
  • Scientific Evidence: Results are mixed. Early studies in simple organisms showed promise, but mouse lifespan studies failed to confirm these benefits. Human studies show inconsistent results with only modest improvements.
  • Considerations: Poor absorption is a major drawback, as most resveratrol breaks down quickly in the body. Supplement quality varies widely. Benefits may follow a U-shaped curve, making correct dosing important.

Is It Worth Including?: Possibly, but keep expectations realistic. While it hasn’t delivered dramatic longevity benefits, there’s some evidence for heart and metabolic improvements. Consider special formulations that improve absorption.

Spermidine

  • What It Is: A natural compound found in foods like wheat germ, soybeans, aged cheese, and mushrooms. First discovered in semen (hence the name), but exists throughout the body and plants. Spermidine helps with cellular growth, maintenance, and controls autophagy.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: 1-2 mg daily as a supplement, though he recommends getting it from food when possible. This low dose reflects the small amounts naturally found in food.
  • Claimed Benefits: Mainly promotes autophagy—the cellular “self-cleaning” process that removes damaged components. This process is key for cellular renewal and healthy aging. Also said to support DNA stability, reduce inflammation, and improve heart health.
  • Scientific Evidence: Strong results in animals showing extended lifespan in yeast, flies, worms, and mice. Early human research shows promising links between spermidine intake and lower mortality, better brain function, and improved heart health, though large clinical trials are limited.
  • Considerations: Food sources may offer additional benefits beyond supplements due to complementary compounds. Best therapeutic dose remains unclear. Safety profile looks good, but long-term supplement data is limited. Relatively affordable compared to other longevity supplements.

Is It Worth Including?: No, despite promising mechanisms and animal results, the human evidence isn’t strong enough to justify regular supplementation. Better to focus on spermidine-rich foods within a varied diet.

Fisetin

  • What It Is: A natural senolytic compound found in fruits and vegetables like strawberries, apples, and cucumbers. Fisetin targets and removes “zombie” cells (senescent cells) that build up as we age and cause inflammation and tissue problems.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: 500 mg daily, taken regularly rather than in cycles. This is much higher than what you’d get from food alone, as it’s used for therapeutic purposes.
  • Claimed Benefits: Mainly removes zombie cells that cause chronic inflammation. May improve aging tissues by clearing out these harmful cells. Also works as an antioxidant and might protect brain health.
  • Scientific Evidence: Mouse studies show promising results for healthspan and reduced aging markers. It effectively cleared zombie cells in animal testing. Human studies are still limited but growing, with research exploring effects on various age-related conditions.
  • Considerations: Sinclair switched from quercetin to fisetin because evidence shows it works better at removing zombie cells. Questions remain about whether daily use or occasional “cleansing” doses work better. The body doesn’t absorb it well, but taking it with fatty foods may help.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, especially for people over 40 concerned about age-related inflammation. Among senolytic supplements, fisetin has a good safety record and growing scientific support. Removing zombie cells is a compelling way to address a key aging process.

Additional Supplements in Sinclair’s Routine

Beyond his core anti-aging compounds, Sinclair incorporates several additional supplements that support general health and may complement his longevity-focused interventions.

Vitamin D3 & K2

  • What It Is: Two fat-soluble vitamins that work together in the body. Vitamin D3 is made when your skin is exposed to sunlight, while K2 comes mainly from fermented foods and animal products. They team up to help your body use calcium properly.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: 4,000-5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 daily and 180-360 mcg of Vitamin K2 daily. Sinclair prefers the MK-7 form of K2 because it stays in your body longer and is better absorbed than other forms.
  • Claimed Benefits: Strengthens bones by directing calcium to the right places. Boosts immune system and reduces inflammation. Protects heart health by preventing calcium buildup in arteries. May also improve muscle strength, mood, and overall lifespan.
  • Scientific Evidence: Strong support for health benefits, though specific longevity effects are less proven. Vitamin D deficiency is common and linked to many health problems. K2’s role in preventing unwanted calcification is well-supported by research, though fewer large clinical trials exist.
  • Considerations: Blood tests can help determine your ideal vitamin D dose. Different forms are available (D2 vs D3, MK-4 vs MK-7). You may need to adjust dosage based on seasons and sun exposure. Take with meals for better absorption. If you take blood thinners, talk to your doctor before taking K2.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, for most people. This pair is one of the most science-backed supplements with benefits that go beyond anti-aging. They’re generally safe and affordable, making them a smart addition to most supplement routines.

Trimethylglycine (TMG/Betaine)

  • What It Is: A natural compound found in beets, quinoa, and spinach. Acts as a methyl donor supporting various body processes. Also known as betaine, it provides methyl groups needed for DNA and protein function.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: 500-1,000 mg daily, usually taken with NMN to prevent methyl group depletion. This matches dosages shown to provide metabolic benefits in studies.
  • Claimed Benefits: Mainly helps control homocysteine levels, a risk factor for heart disease. Supports liver function and detoxification. May boost cellular energy and protect against certain stressors. Could prevent methyl depletion when taking NAD+ precursors.
  • Scientific Evidence: Limited specific longevity data, but well-studied for metabolic health. Studies show benefits for liver function, heart health markers, and exercise performance. Research suggests combining NMN with TMG may enhance NAD+ precursor benefits.
  • Considerations: May work well with NMN supplementation for those following Sinclair’s protocol. Generally safe but might cause digestive issues in some people. Those with certain genetic variations affecting methylation might benefit more.

Is It Worth Including?: Possibly, especially if taking NMN or other NAD+ precursors. The methylation support makes sense biologically, though direct evidence for longevity benefits is lacking. Affordable and safe, making it reasonable for comprehensive protocols.

Omega-3 Fish Oil

  • What It Is: Essential fatty acids—mainly EPA and DHA—that come from marine sources like fatty fish. These polyunsaturated fats are key building blocks in cell membranes and help create molecules that control inflammation and other bodily processes.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: Not specifically stated in Sinclair’s published regimen, though he does include it. Most people take 1-3 grams of combined EPA/DHA daily, with higher doses sometimes used for specific health conditions.
  • Claimed Benefits: Supports heart health by improving blood fat levels and blood vessel function. Helps brain health and possibly cognitive performance, especially as we age. Provides broad anti-inflammatory effects that may slow multiple aging processes. May improve how well cell membranes function.
  • Scientific Evidence: Decades of research exist, though recent large studies show mixed results. There’s strong data on how it works and observational studies support benefits, but some clinical trials show modest or no effects for preventing problems. More consistent benefits are seen in people who already have health issues.
  • Considerations: Quality varies greatly between products, with concerns about oxidation and contamination. Third-party testing for heavy metals is important. Some fishing practices raise sustainability concerns. Plant-based options (algae oils) provide DHA but usually less EPA.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, but ideally through whole foods. Eating fatty fish 2-3 times weekly provides omega-3s plus other helpful nutrients. If you can’t eat enough fish, a high-quality supplement may help, especially if you have inflammation or heart risk factors.

L-Taurine

  • What It Is: A conditionally essential sulfur-containing amino acid found mostly in animal tissues, especially the brain, heart, and muscles. Unlike typical amino acids, taurine doesn’t build proteins but performs many important functions, including fluid balance, calcium signaling, and protecting cells from damage.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: 2 grams daily, taken all at once. This is a newer addition to Sinclair’s routine, added after recent research suggested potential longevity benefits beyond its usual roles in heart and brain health.
  • Claimed Benefits: Protects cells from various stressors. Supports mitochondria (cell powerhouses) and energy production. Helps maintain proper cell hydration and mineral balance. May improve exercise performance and recovery. Could protect against age-related drops in taurine levels.
  • Scientific Evidence: Recent longevity research shows promising results, with studies showing increased lifespan in animals. Well-established benefits for heart health and metabolism. Clinical data supports its roles in blood sugar control, blood pressure management, and exercise capacity.
  • Considerations: A newer addition to his longevity stack based on recent research. Generally very safe with few side effects even at higher doses. Relatively inexpensive compared to many longevity supplements. Natural levels decrease with age, making supplements potentially more useful for older adults.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, especially given its excellent safety record, reasonable cost, and growing evidence for multiple health benefits. The combination of proven clinical uses and emerging longevity research makes taurine a sensible addition to a comprehensive regimen, especially for those over 40.

CoQ10

  • What It Is: An antioxidant naturally made in our bodies that helps cells produce energy. CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) works as an electron carrier in mitochondria (our cells’ power plants) and protects against oxidative damage, especially in high-energy organs like the heart and brain.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: Not specifically listed in Sinclair’s recent published regimens, though he has mentioned it in broader discussions. Most supplements contain 100-300 mg for daily use, with higher amounts sometimes used for specific health conditions.
  • Claimed Benefits: Supports cellular energy production and mitochondrial function. Protects cell membranes from free radical damage. May support heart health and muscle function. Could help offset the natural drop in CoQ10 levels that happens as we age.
  • Scientific Evidence: Research shows mixed results. Strong evidence supports its role in energy production and as an antioxidant. Some promising studies for heart failure, muscle pain from statins, and exercise performance, but less consistent results for prevention or anti-aging effects.
  • Considerations: Comes in two forms – ubiquinone and ubiquinol, with ubiquinol possibly being better absorbed, especially by older adults. Being fat-soluble, it’s absorbed poorly unless taken with fatty foods. May be particularly important for people taking statin medications.

Is It Worth Including?: Possibly, particularly for people over 50 or those on statins, which lower natural CoQ10 levels. Makes most sense for those with heart concerns or low energy. While not as cutting-edge as newer supplements, its strong safety record makes it worth considering.

Prescription Medications in Sinclair’s Protocol

Sinclair’s complete regimen includes medications that typically require medical supervision. While these compounds show promise in longevity research, they have important health risks.

We strongly advise caution and medical guidance before trying these interventions, even those available without prescription.

Metformin

  • What It Is: A prescription medication first developed for type 2 diabetes that researchers are now studying for potential anti-aging benefits. This biguanide drug works mainly by decreasing liver glucose production, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and altering gut bacteria.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: 800-1000 mg taken at night. Sinclair occasionally stops taking it around heavy exercise periods due to concerns that it might interfere with workout adaptations.
  • Claimed Benefits: Mimics some effects of calorie restriction by triggering AMPK, a cell energy monitor. May reduce inflammation, help insulin work better, and alter metabolic pathways involved in aging. Could offer protection against age-related diseases beyond just diabetes.
  • Scientific Evidence: Strong data supports its safety and effectiveness for diabetes. Longevity evidence is growing but mainly consists of observational studies showing links to lower mortality and fewer age-related diseases. The TAME trial is currently studying metformin specifically for aging.
  • Considerations: Requires a doctor’s prescription and ongoing medical oversight. Can deplete vitamin B12, requiring monitoring and possible supplements. Often causes stomach issues at first. May dampen some exercise benefits, though this remains debated.

Is It Worth Including?: No, except for those with diagnosed prediabetes, diabetes, or those in research studies. While showing potential, evidence for healthy aging benefits in people without diabetes remains early, and you need a prescription to obtain it. Better to focus on proven lifestyle approaches.

Low-Dose Aspirin

  • What It Is: A common anti-inflammatory medicine that prevents blood clotting and reduces inflammation throughout the body. Low-dose means smaller amounts (81-100 mg) compared to regular strength aspirin used for pain relief.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: 83 mg taken daily without interruption. This matches typical heart-protective doses, though Sinclair has indicated he might adjust this practice as research continues to develop.
  • Claimed Benefits: Mainly heart protection by preventing blood clots that cause heart attacks and certain strokes. May also help prevent some cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, and reduce ongoing inflammation that could contribute to aging.
  • Scientific Evidence: Research understanding has changed significantly recently. Once broadly recommended for prevention, today’s guidelines only suggest it for specific higher-risk people. It remains valuable for those who already have heart disease.
  • Considerations: Has important bleeding risks, including stomach and intestinal bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke, with dangers increasing with age. The risk-benefit balance has shifted as other preventive approaches have improved. Doctors no longer routinely recommend it for most healthy adults.

Is It Worth Including?: No, unless your physician specifically recommends it based on your personal health factors. Recent major studies show that for most people without existing heart disease, bleeding risks are greater than potential benefits. Decisions about aspirin therapy should be made with your doctor’s guidance.

Rapamycin

  • What It Is: A powerful mTOR inhibitor first found in Easter Island soil bacteria, later used as an immunosuppressant medication. It blocks the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which controls cell growth, metabolism, and aging in many species.
  • Sinclair’s Dosage: Not fully revealed, though Sinclair has mentioned using intermittent dosing. Most longevity researchers test periodic doses (weekly or monthly) rather than daily use.
  • Claimed Benefits: Works like caloric restriction by reducing mTOR signaling. Has extended lifespan in organisms from yeast to mice, showing some of the strongest effects of any treatment. May improve cellular cleanup, reduce inflammation, and enhance certain immune functions despite its immunosuppressive effects.
  • Scientific Evidence: Strong animal data shows significant lifespan extension and health improvements. Human aging research is limited but growing, with small trials showing good safety and improved biomarkers. Extensive clinical experience exists in transplant medicine, though at higher doses.
  • Considerations: Acts as a serious immunosuppressant at standard clinical doses, requiring doctor supervision. Experts debate the best dosing schedule for longevity benefits versus side effects. Possible issues include blood sugar changes, mouth sores, and higher infection risk. Requires prescription and monitoring.

Is It Worth Including?: No, except in clinical trials or under medical supervision. Despite strong animal results, human longevity evidence is still early, and the risks require careful oversight. It’s a promising future option but not currently suitable for self-administered longevity programs.

Scientific Basis for the Supplements David Sinclair Takes

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Sinclair chooses supplements that target specific biological pathways involved in aging, though the scientific support varies:

NAD+ Precursors and Sirtuin Activation

NMN is the most thoroughly studied component of Sinclair’s regimen in human trials. This NAD+ precursor helps counteract the natural decline of cellular NAD+ as we age.

Studies show NMN has many promising benefits, ranging from metabolic health improvements to aerobic capacity. Sinclair combines NMN with resveratrol based on the theory that resveratrol activates sirtuins (especially SIRT1), which need NAD+ to function.

However, resveratrol’s effectiveness remains debated, with research reproducibility issues and unsuccessful mouse lifespan studies.

Why David Sinclair Prefers NMN Over NR

Dr. David Sinclair favors NMN over NR because unpublished research showed NMN boosted exercise ability in mice by 50% (they ran much farther), while NR had no effect at the same dose. He also prefers NMN because it converts to NAD+ in just one step using a specific transporter, which might make it more efficient than NR.

Vitality NAD+ Booster promotional image

Senolytic Approach

Sinclair uses fisetin as part of the growing interest in senolytic compounds that remove senescent “zombie” cells.

These damaged cells build up with age and release inflammatory substances that harm nearby tissues. Animal research suggests clearing these cells may delay age-related conditions, though human evidence is still early.

Metabolic Regulators

Sinclair includes metformin for its ability to mimic some effects of caloric restriction by influencing metabolism and reducing inflammation.

While well-studied for diabetes, human longevity data on metformin is limited. The ongoing TAME trial4 may provide clearer evidence about its effects on healthspan in people without diabetes.

Supporting Nutrients

Vitamins D3 and K2, omega-3 fatty acids, and other supplements in Sinclair’s regimen have established roles in maintaining overall health, though their specific contributions to longevity are less clear.

These compounds mainly ensure various biological systems function optimally rather than directly targeting aging processes.

Dr. Sinclair’s Other Daily Habits for Longevity

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Beyond supplements, Dr. Sinclair follows these key lifestyle practices as the foundation of his longevity approach:

  1. Intermittent Fasting: Sinclair eats all his meals within an 8-10 hour window each day. This eating pattern activates cellular cleanup processes like autophagy and mimics the benefits of eating fewer calories.
  2. Exercise Routine: He combines strength training to maintain muscle, cardio workouts, and short bursts of intense exercise (HIIT) to improve mitochondrial function. He sometimes skips his metformin dose around workouts to avoid blocking exercise benefits.
  3. Sleep Optimization: Sinclair aims for 7-8 hours of quality sleep each night and keeps consistent bedtimes. He aligns his sleep schedule with his body’s natural rhythms, avoids blue light before bed, and keeps his bedroom cool and dark.
  4. Stress Management: He practices meditation and mindfulness to reduce the aging effects of ongoing stress.

Many researchers agree these basic lifestyle habits provide major longevity benefits, with supplements only adding minor improvements to this strong foundation.

How to Approach Sinclair’s Protocol Responsibly

Sinclair’s regimen should be viewed as a personal case study rather than a universal prescription for longevity.

For those interested in a similar approach, consider these guidelines:

Begin with the components having strongest scientific support: vitamins D3 and K2, omega-3 fatty acids, and possibly NMN for those over 40. These have established safety profiles and reasonable evidence for health benefits.

Work closely with healthcare providers who can monitor potential interactions and side effects, especially before considering prescription medications like metformin or rapamycin, which carry significant risks when used off-label.

Use objective testing to track effects through relevant biomarkers like inflammatory markers, glucose metabolism, and lipid profiles. This data-driven approach aligns with Jinfiniti’s T-A-O (Test, Act, Optimize) philosophy.

Conduct a cost-benefit analysis when prioritizing interventions. A comprehensive NMN and resveratrol regimen can cost hundreds monthly, while lifestyle improvements offer substantial benefits at minimal expense.

Personalize based on your health status. Your genetic background, existing conditions, and health goals should guide which interventions make sense for you, as aging biology varies significantly between individuals.

Referenced Sources

  1. https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-024-05614-9 ↩︎
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34238308/ ↩︎
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238909/ ↩︎
  4. https://www.afar.org/tame-trial ↩︎
Featured image with the letters NMN in white over a purple gradient background with DNA strands.

NMN: Everything You Need to Know in 2025

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in NMN, NAD+, NAD+ Precursors. No Comments on NMN: Everything You Need to Know in 2025

As we get older, our bodies make less of something called NAD+, an important molecule that helps our cells stay healthy and make energy. NMN (short for nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a supplement that many people take to boost their NAD+ levels.

NMN has become popular in health and longevity research in 2025. Recent human studies show it might help with physical performance and metabolism. Some research even suggests it could slow down aging.

But what is NMN exactly? How does it work in your body? And is it something you should consider taking?

This guide covers everything from the science behind NMN to how much you might want to take, helping you decide if this supplement is right for you.

Key Takeaways

  • NMN is a natural molecule that helps restore NAD+, an important coenzyme your body needs for energy and healthy cells. Your body makes less NAD+ as you get older.
  • Recent studies on humans (2020-2025) suggest taking NMN supplements may help improve physical fitness, metabolism, heart health, and might slow down aging at the cellular level.
  • Current research shows NMN is generally safe with few side effects, though pregnant women and those with medical conditions should consult their doctor before use.

What is NMN?

NMN is a molecule that naturally exists in all living cells and directly helps make nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), one of the body’s most essential coenzymes for energy production and cellular health.

Structurally, NMN is part of the nucleotide family—the same group of molecules that make up DNA and RNA (your genetic material).

Each NMN molecule has three main parts: a nicotinamide base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate group.

In your cells, NMN quickly turns into NAD+, which powers several important cellular processes like:

  • Energy production in mitochondria
  • DNA repair mechanisms
  • Gene expression regulation
  • Cellular signaling pathways

As we get older, our natural NAD+ levels drop, which might contribute to various age-related conditions and metabolic problems.

Studies show that taking NMN supplements may help restore NAD+ levels, supporting cellular health and possibly slowing down some aspects of aging.

How NMN Works to Create NAD+

Your body makes NAD+ mainly through the “salvage pathway.” This is like a recycling system that turns nicotinamide (NAM) into NMN, which then becomes NAD+.

NMN creates a shortcut in NAD+ production by entering cells through a special doorway called the Slc12a8 transporter. This doorway is very active in your small intestine, which helps NMN get absorbed quickly into your bloodstream.

Once NMN gets inside your cells, it joins with ATP (your body’s energy molecule) to form NAD+. This joining happens because of an enzyme called NMNAT.

This process skips some of the slower steps in making NAD+, allowing it to increase your cellular NAD+ levels more efficiently than other precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR).

The recent NAD World 3.0 hypothesis from 2025 has confirmed that mammal cells (including human cells) can directly absorb NMN through the Slc12a8 transporter1, making it an effective way to boost NAD+ levels in your body.

Infographic showing what NMN is and its benefits

NMN’s Benefits: Recent Human Studies (2020-2025)

While animal research initially sparked interest in NMN, human clinical trials have really taken off in the last five years, giving us more relevant insights into how NMN works in the human body.

The main benefits of NMN supplements come from its ability to support healthy NAD+ levels, which naturally decline with age. Here are some of the latest findings on NMN from human clinical trials:

Physical Performance Benefits

  • Amateur runners performed better in aerobic exercises2
  • Older adults showed better muscle movement, walking speed, and grip strength3
  • Middle-aged adults taking NMN could walk longer distances4

Metabolic Health and Insulin Sensitivity

  • Women after menopause with prediabetes had 25% better insulin sensitivity in their muscles5
  • NMN may help metabolize glucose and improve insulin response6
  • NAD+ levels maintain energy balance and stress response, both vital for metabolic health7

Anti-Aging and Longevity

  • Men between 45-60 years showed telomeres (protective caps on DNA) nearly twice as long after 90 days of treatment, suggesting NMN might slow aging at the cellular level8
  • NMN raises cellular NAD+ levels in older adults, which is linked to higher energy levels and anti-aging effects9
  • NMN supplements helped improve arterial stiffness in healthy middle-aged adults10

Other Notable Improvements

  • Older men had improved hearing in their right ear11
  • People reported feeling better overall based on quality of life surveys (SF-36)12
  • Several markers of health improved in blood tests12

Overall, NMN shows real promise for improving metabolic health and preventing age-related physical decline. However, we still need more studies to fully understand how NMN works and optimize its use in clinical settings.

Vitality NAD+ Booster promotional image

Is It Safe to Take NMN Supplements?

Current research shows that NMN supplements appear to be safe for most people when used for short periods. However, long-term safety data remains limited.

Several studies with human participants have found that NMN causes no harmful side effects in the short term:

  • One study showed amateur runners could take up to 1,200 mg daily for 6 weeks with no health problems14
  • Another rigorously controlled study found that taking 900 mg daily for 8 weeks was safe with no concerning side effects15
  • The same study showed that even higher doses of 2,000 mg daily were taken for up to 2 weeks without problems
  • A Japanese study of healthy men taking 100, 250, or 500 mg of NMN found no concerning symptoms or changes in important health markers like heart rate, blood pressure, or body temperature16

In 2018, an FDA panel classified NMN as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe), which means it can legally be used as a food additive.

Some scientists worry that NMN might reduce important compounds called methyl groups in your body. Because of this concern, experts like Dr. David Sinclair take another supplement called TMG (trimethylglycine) alongside NMN as a precaution. However, research hasn’t yet proven whether this is necessary.

Supplement Safety Note

Supplements receive minimal FDA regulation and may not be safe for everyone. They can interact with medications and other supplements. Always consult your doctor before starting any supplement regimen.

Potential Side Effects of NMN

When taking NMN supplements, some people report minor side effects.

The most common ones include:

  • Stomach problems like nausea or discomfort
  • Headaches and feeling dizzy
  • Feeling tired

Less commonly, some people notice skin reactions or have trouble sleeping.

Natural Sources of NMN

NMN is found naturally in some foods, but only in small amounts. The best plant sources include edamame (soybeans), broccoli, cabbage, cucumber, and avocado.

You can also find small amounts in some animal foods like beef and raw salmon. However, these food sources don’t provide enough NMN to make a real difference in your body.

For example, edamame, which has one of the highest NMN levels, contains only about 1.88 mg per 100 grams. Compare this to scientific studies, which typically use between 250 mg and 1,250 mg of NMN daily.

To get the same amount of NMN used in research, you would need to eat impossible amounts of these foods. Plus, cooking or processing these foods can break down the NMN they contain, making even less available to your body.

Side view of a young woman jogging on a beach wearing pink active wear.

NMN Dosage Guidelines: How Much Should You Take?

Based on current research and expert recommendations, NMN supplementation dosages follow three primary tiers:

  • For beginners and healthy middle-aged adults, starting with 250 mg daily provides basic support with noticeable improvements in mood, focus, and energy levels.
  • Most adults take between 500-750 mg daily, with 500 mg working well for people between 30-60 years old. If you’re over 65, you might benefit from taking up to 750 mg each day.
  • Some older adults and athletes might need more NMN, around 1000-1200 mg daily. This higher dose can provide maximum benefits, but doctors recommend taking no more than 1200 mg per day or more than 600 mg at once.

Studies show NMN is safe at doses up to 900 mg daily. Taking your dose at different times throughout the day might work better than all at once.

To choose the best NMN supplement, look for products that:

  • Are at least 98% pure
  • Have been tested by independent labs
  • Contain no unnecessary fillers

Always talk to your doctor before starting any new supplement, especially if you take medications or have health conditions.

Who Should Not Take NMN?

NMN may help with healthy aging, but it’s not right for everyone.

Check with your doctor before taking NMN if you:

  • Are pregnant or breastfeeding, as we don’t know enough about how safe it is during these times
  • Are getting cancer treatment, because NMN might affect how cancer cells behave
  • Have an autoimmune disease, since NMN could change how your immune system works
  • Take medications that affect your body’s NAD+ levels
  • Have had serious allergic reactions to supplements before
  • Are under 18 years old
  • Have serious liver or kidney problems

Your doctor can help you decide if NMN supplements are safe for you.

NMN vs NR (Nicotinamide Riboside)

NMN and NR are both supplements that help your body make NAD+. The main difference is that NMN is one step closer to becoming NAD+ in your body. When you take NR, your body must first convert it to NMN, and then to NAD+.

Some studies suggest this might make NMN work better, but both supplements have been shown to increase NAD+ levels. How well each supplement works for you may depend on your age, metabolism, and overall health.

Is NMN Right for You?

Research on NMN is still growing. This supplement shows promise in supporting healthy aging by boosting NAD+ levels in the body. While it won’t make you young again, studies suggest NMN may help improve physical energy, metabolism, and cellular health.

Like all supplements, results will vary from person to person. Be sure to talk with your doctor before starting NMN, especially if you have existing health conditions. With the right dose and realistic goals, NMN might be a useful part of your health strategy as you grow older.

FAQs

Does NMN reverse aging?

Research shows NMN may help slow down some age-related changes, but it’s not a fountain of youth. It’s better to view NMN as a tool that supports your body’s natural health as you age.

Is NMN just vitamin B3?

No, NMN is not simply vitamin B3. While it contains parts of vitamin B3 (nicotinamide), NMN is a more complex molecule that also includes a sugar (ribose) and a phosphate group. This special structure makes NMN a direct building block for NAD+, which means it works differently in your body than regular vitamin B3 supplements.

Can I take NMN and resveratrol together?

Yes, many people take NMN and resveratrol together. They work together in a helpful way: NMN increases NAD+ levels, while resveratrol activates proteins called sirtuins that need NAD+ to function properly. Researcher David Sinclair has made this combination popular by including both in his daily supplement routine.

Does NMN need to be sublingual?

Most research showing NMN benefits has used regular oral supplements (capsules or powder that you swallow), not sublingual forms (dissolved under the tongue). While some people prefer sublingual NMN, there’s no strong evidence that it’s necessary for NMN to work effectively.

Should NMN be stored in the refrigerator?

NMN generally stays stable at room temperature when properly packaged. However, keeping it in the refrigerator may help it stay potent longer, especially powder forms. Check your product’s label for specific storage recommendations, as different brands may have different requirements.

Can I take NMN with caffeine?

There are no known problems with taking NMN and caffeine together. Some users say the combination gives them better energy and focus, though this is based on personal experience rather than scientific studies. If you’re sensitive to caffeine, you might want to take NMN at a different time to better understand how each affects you.

How long does it take to feel NMN’s effects?

This varies from person to person. Some people notice more energy and mental clarity within days, while others might take weeks to see benefits.

What happens if I stop taking NMN?

You won’t experience withdrawal if you stop taking NMN. Your body will continue making NAD+ naturally, though levels may gradually return to what they were before. Any improvements you noticed while taking NMN may slowly decrease over time without continued use.

Is NMN toxic to the liver?

Research studies haven’t shown any liver damage from taking recommended doses of NMN. Safety studies that check liver function have shown that NMN is generally well-tolerated in doses up to 1250 mg daily. However, if you have existing liver problems, you should talk to your doctor before starting any new supplement.

Does NMN increase testosterone?

Research shows NAD+ may work with sirtuin proteins to support testosterone production. NMN helps create NAD+ in the body, which could support this process, though human studies are needed to confirm its effects on testosterone. For an in-depth overview, see our full article on NMN and testosterone.

Referenced Sources

  1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-025-00192-6 ↩︎
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34238308/ ↩︎
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158788/ ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9735188/ ↩︎
  5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8550608/ ↩︎
  6. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00723-z ↩︎
  7. https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/53437 ↩︎
  8. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.756243/full ↩︎
  9. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9261366/ ↩︎
  10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29787-3 ↩︎
  11. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-022-00084-z ↩︎
  12. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1436597/full ↩︎
  13. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1436597/full ↩︎
  14. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1186/s12970-021-00442-4 ↩︎
  15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/ ↩︎
  16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38191197/ ↩︎
Two supplement bottles of NMN and Niacin side by side comparison in dramatic lighting

NMN vs. Niacin: Safety and Efficacy for Longevity

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in NMN, Longevity, NAD+ Precursors, Niacin.

Inside your cells, there’s a fascinating molecule called NAD+ that plays a key role in how you age. This coenzyme isn’t just important – it’s essential for hundreds of processes that keep your cells healthy. 

The catch? Your NAD+ levels drop as you age, which speeds up aging and can trigger various health problems.

With aging and longevity supplements such hot topics, it’s not surprising that NAD+ boosters have taken off. Two of the most talked-about options are NMN and niacin.  While they both help your body make NAD+, they work through different pathways.

So what’s the real story with these two supplements? 

We need to look at their safety profiles, how well they boost NAD+ levels, and their effects on longevity. Which one works better? Can you take them long-term? And most importantly – which one might be right for you?

Key Takeaways

  • NMN offers a more direct path to NAD+ with fewer side effects than niacin, though it costs more
  • NMN supports cellular energy and brain health, while niacin may help manage cholesterol and skin conditions
  • Niacin commonly causes flushing and potential liver issues, while NMN shows minimal side effects in current research
  • Testing your NAD+ levels before taking NMN or niacin ensures you get the right dose and avoids potential negative effects of excessive intake

What’s the Difference Between Niacin and NMN?

NAD+ boosters have come a long way since their early days. One of the first was niacin, which is just another name for nicotinic acid. It’s a form of vitamin B3 that helps with basic body functions like metabolism and energy production, and it keeps your skin healthy too. Doctors have been using it for years, especially to help people manage their cholesterol.1

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is the new kid on the block. It’s getting a lot of attention because it can boost NAD+ levels in a more direct way. While it’s related to vitamin B3 chemically, it’s mainly sold as a supplement for longevity, energy, and keeping your cells healthy.

Here’s how niacin works in your body – it’s not exactly straightforward. Before it can turn into NAD+, it has to go through multiple steps.

It first changes into nicotinamide, and then that turns into NAD+. Each time it transforms, the process becomes less efficient and burns up some of your cell’s energy.

NMN takes a more direct route. Your body can absorb it easily and turn it straight into NAD+, skipping some of the steps that niacin has to go through.2 That’s why it’s faster and more effective at boosting NAD+ levels.

Looking at cost, niacin’s definitely the more budget-friendly choice. You can find it pretty much anywhere that sells supplements, and it’s in lots of everyday foods like nuts, dairy products, and leafy greens. That makes it an easy choice for most people.

NMN costs quite a bit more, mainly because it works more efficiently and it’s still relatively new to the market. The NMN supplement price tag reflects its position as a premium NAD+ precursor. Even though it’s more expensive, lots of people pick NMN because they’re specifically looking for those benefits to energy, longevity, and cellular health.

Infographic showing the differences between NMN and Niacin

Benefits of NMN vs. Niacin

Both NMN and niacin help boost NAD+ levels as we age, but they work differently in the body. Let’s look at how they stack up:

Benefits of NMN

Since NMN is a direct NAD+ precursor, it effectively raises NAD+ levels, which can result in:

  • Increased Cellular Energy – NMN kicks SIRT1 proteins into action, as shown in the Journal of Advanced Research.3 These proteins of the sirtuin family keep the mitochondria and nucleus talking to each other, which is critical for your cells to produce energy efficiently.
  • Improved Brain Health – A study in Brain Research shows that NMN helps keep neurons healthy and reduces oxidative stress in the brain.4 This matters because oxidative stress can lead to cognitive problems as we age.
  • Metabolic Health Boost – NMN has been shown to support healthy blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity in a study published in the Journal of Translational Medicine.5
  • Cardiovascular Support – NMN also promotes healthy blood vessel function, improves circulation, and supports cardiovascular health as we age.6

Want to learn more? Check out our full article on what makes NMN supplements so promising.

Benefits of Niacin

Niacin’s been around for a while, and there’s good reason for that. Here are some research-backed benefits:

  • Cholesterol Management – In a study published in JAMA Internal Medicine,  niacin helped raise HDL (good cholesterol) and lower LDL (bad cholesterol) and triglycerides in patients with difficult-to-treat dyslipidemias, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.7
  • Skin and DNA Repair – A study published in the British Journal of Nutrition showed that niacin may help protect against cumulative DNA damage, lowering the risk of premature aging and skin conditions.8
  • Support for Brain Health – A study published in Neurotherapeutics shows that niacin fights neurodegeneration and supports brain function, possibly reducing the risk of neurodegenerative conditions.9
  • Improved Blood Flow – Scientists discovered that niacin helps keep the endothelium (that’s the thin layer lining your blood vessels) healthy, which means better blood flow throughout your body.10

Side Effects of Niacin vs. NMN

An image of a matured woman suffering from the side effects of NMN and Niacin.

The research we have so far shows that NMN is safe and well-tolerated, even when people take higher doses.11 Users don’t typically report any significant side effects or discomfort. However, since NMN is relatively new, data on long-term safety is still being researched.

Niacin, on the other hand, has been studied for decades, so we know a lot more about its safety profile. While it’s effective at increasing NAD+ and improving cholesterol levels, it can cause some serious side effects, particularly at high doses:

  • First, there’s the niacin flush – your face and upper body might feel warm and tingly, and turn red. It’s usually harmless but can be pretty uncomfortable
  • It can also upset your stomach, leading to nausea and vomiting. If you have peptic ulcers, niacin might make them worse. 12
  • High doses can be toxic to the liver, especially if you’re taking the sustained-release form. This means you’ll need regular monitoring if you’re using it long-term.13
  • There’s also a link to diabetes – studies show that people taking niacin have a 34% higher chance of developing diabetes compared to those who don’t.14

If you have liver problems, you’ll want to check with your doctor before taking niacin. It can raise your liver enzymes over time, so they’ll need to monitor your liver function.

People with diabetes or insulin resistance should be extra careful since niacin can affect blood sugar levels. If you have gout, keep in mind that niacin can increase uric acid levels, which might trigger a flare-up.15

If you have low blood pressure, niacin might lower it further, especially if you’re taking other medications. It’s definitely worth having a conversation with your healthcare provider before considering supplementation.

Last but not least – we’ve also had users report extremely high NAD+ levels when taking our intracellular NAD+ test while using niacin supplements. This isn’t ideal – it’s different from what we see with NMN, which raises NAD+ levels more gradually.

Why Does Niacin Cause Flushing but NMN Doesn’t?

An image of a flushing matured woman.

When someone takes niacin, it triggers a specific receptor called GPR109A on their skin cells. This kicks off a chain reaction where the cells release two types of prostaglandins – PGD2 and PGE2. These molecules make blood vessels widen, and that’s what causes the characteristic warm, red flush.16

There’s also a serotonin connection – niacin bumps up serotonin levels, which can make some people feel itchy along with the flush. Most people start feeling these effects about 15-30 minutes after taking niacin, and it can stick around for up to an hour.17

NMN works differently. It doesn’t set off that GPR109A receptor or cause any prostaglandin release.

Instead, it goes straight into making NAD+. That’s why people don’t get that flushing reaction with NMN – there’s no redness or tingling because it bypasses all those steps that cause the flush. You just get the NAD+ boost without the side effects.

Can You Take Niacin and NMN Together?

An image of a matured woman deciding which pills to take.

You can take both niacin and NMN—but do you need to? That depends on your goals.

Niacin is found in plenty of foods like meat, fish, nuts, and whole grains. Most people get enough from their diet, so unless you’re taking it for a specific reason (like cholesterol support), there’s no real need to supplement.

Some suggest the combination may have synergistic effects for longevity and metabolic health.

However, as we mentioned before, there is a risk that niacin could push NAD+ levels too high, and we don’t fully understand the long-term effects of increasing NAD+ beyond the healthy range.

If you decide to take both, start small – try low doses of niacin (50-250 mg) along with NMN to support your NAD+ levels without overwhelming your system.

Timing matters too. Many people take their niacin at night to avoid the flushing effect during the day, while they’ll take NMN in the morning.

NMN is more commonly combined with nicotinamide riboside (NR), another NAD+ precursor that converts into NAD+ through a different pathway than niacin.

How Do You Know if Your Supplement is Working?

An image of supplements.

Many people assume higher NAD+ is always better, but that’s not necessarily true. If your NAD+ levels are already optimal, adding high doses of niacin or NMN may not provide extra benefits and could even backfire.

If your levels get too high, you might experience fatigue, headaches, or other subtle changes. In contrast, if your NAD+ is too low, you may still struggle with low energy, brain fog, or sluggish recovery. 

This is why getting a baseline test before supplementing (or adjusting doses) is a smart move. The key is listening to your body and finding a level that works for you.

So how can you tell if your supplement is actually working?

The best way is to test your NAD+ levels. To make sure you’re not taking too much or too little, the Intracellular NAD+ Test offers a first-of-its-kind, reliable at-home solution to measure your NAD+ levels. This comprehensive test identifies deficiencies and provides actionable insights to optimize your NAD+ intake. 

Intracellular NAD Test promotional image

Making the Right Choice for Longevity

An image of matured man and woman enjoying longevity.

When choosing between NMN and niacin, consider both your health goals and budget. If you’re after a simple, flush-free way to boost NAD+, NMN works well. But if you’re focusing on heart health or cholesterol management, low-dose niacin might offer extra benefits. Cost-wise, niacin is typically cheaper, while NMN tends to be more expensive.

Quality matters when finding the right supplement. Not all NAD+ boosters are created equal, so look for pure, third-party tested products to ensure reliability.

Watch out for side effects too. Start with low doses and adjust gradually to find what suits your body best. Niacin in particular can come with serious risks, especially at higher doses.

For a complete approach to NAD+ enhacement, Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster offers a science-backed option. This premium supplement combines four synergistic ingredients—Niacinamide, Creatine Monohydrate, D-Ribose, and NMN—to boost NAD+ levels more effectively than single-ingredient alternatives.

What sets Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster apart?

  • Clinically formulated to efficiently restore and sustain optimal NAD+ levels. 
  • No unnecessary fillers—just premium, natural compounds for optimal cellular health.
  • Independently verified to ensure purity, potency, and effectiveness.
  • Backed by 5+ years of research and real-world use, delivering consistent, reliable results.

With Vitality ↑®, you’re not just taking another supplement—you’re giving your body the fuel it needs to thrive, stay energized, and support long-term health.

Frequently Asked Questions

An image of a cork board depicting questions.

How do NMN and niacin supplements interact with common medications?

Both NMN and niacin can interact with certain medications. Niacin can affect how well blood pressure medications, statins, and diabetes drugs work. NMN has fewer known drug interactions, but it’s still important to check with your doctor before starting either supplement, especially if you’re taking medications for chronic conditions.

Are there age-specific recommendations for NMN vs. niacin supplementation?

While everyone’s NAD+ levels drop with age, the best timing and dosage can vary. Research suggests NMN might work better for people over 40, when NAD+ levels typically start declining more quickly. Younger people might do fine with lower doses or just dietary sources of niacin unless they have specific health concerns.

How do lifestyle factors like exercise, diet, and sleep impact the effectiveness of NMN and niacin?

Lifestyle factors strongly affect how your body responds to NAD+ precursors. Regular exercise naturally boosts NAD+ levels, which might enhance the supplements’ effects. Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction have also been shown to increase NAD+ levels. Poor sleep, too much alcohol, and chronic stress can drain NAD+ reserves, potentially making the supplements less effective.

Can NMN or niacin supplementation benefit athletic performance and recovery?

Research is starting to show that NAD+ precursors might boost athletic performance and recovery by improving how mitochondria work and how energy is produced. Some athletes say they’ve noticed faster recovery times and better endurance when taking NMN specifically, though we need more clinical studies to confirm these effects across different types of physical activities.

What biomarkers beyond NAD+ levels should I monitor when taking these supplements?

Beyond NAD+ levels, it’s worth keeping an eye on inflammation markers (like CRP or IL-6), blood glucose and insulin levels, liver function tests (especially with niacin), and oxidative stress markers. For a complete picture of how these supplements are affecting your health, also track things like energy levels, sleep quality, and how well you’re thinking and focusing.

Referenced Sources:

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12873710/ ↩︎
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12873710/ ↩︎
  3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123221001491 ↩︎
  4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006899316303018?via%3Dihub ↩︎
  5. https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-024-05614-9 ↩︎
  6. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/17/9526 ↩︎
  7. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/216937 ↩︎
  8. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/high-dietary-niacin-intake-is-associated-with-decreased-chromosome-translocation-frequency-in-airline-pilots/D69D0AB9C39BFFC04B5BB55A67BFFDFC ↩︎
  9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878747923019104 ↩︎
  10. https://journals.lww.com/cocardiology/abstract/2011/01000/effects_of_niacin_on_atherosclerosis_and_vascular.13.aspx ↩︎
  11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9735188/ ↩︎
  12. https://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(06)02236-3/abstract ↩︎
  13. https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(92)90018-7/abstract ↩︎
  14. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1300955 ↩︎
  15. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3770072/ ↩︎
  16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0171298511001124 ↩︎
  17. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2156587211399579 ↩︎
A picture of two healthy matured women running

15 Best Longevity Supplements in 2025 (Ranked by Evidence)

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in NAD+, Creatine, Longevity, NAD, NAD+ Precursors, Niacin, Nicotinamide, NMN, Nutrition, Quercetin, Turmeric/Curcumin, Vitamin C, Vitamin D3. No Comments on 15 Best Longevity Supplements in 2025 (Ranked by Evidence)

We’re living in an exciting time for longevity research. Scientists have moved beyond basic theories about aging to understanding exactly how certain molecules can influence how our cells age.

Today’s advanced supplements aren’t just about filling nutritional gaps. They’re designed to work with your body’s own systems—supporting cellular health and natural regeneration at a deeper level.

But with so many products making bold claims, how do you know what actually works?

That’s why we’ve done the heavy lifting for you. We examined each supplement based on three important factors: the strength of its research backing, its proven safety record, and its measurable impact on health. 

What follows is a clear-eyed look at which supplements truly deliver on their anti-aging promises.

What are Longevity Supplements?

Image of a mature healthy woman jogging.

Longevity supplements are dietary products designed to optimize both lifespan and healthspan, focusing on maintaining vitality as we grow older. 

These supplements support the body’s natural defenses against age-related decline by providing specific nutrients that protect and nourish cells, tissues, and vital systems. They work by targeting key mechanisms of aging, such as reducing inflammation and combating oxidative stress.

As people grow older, certain nutrient gaps can emerge; longevity supplements help fill these gaps while strengthening the body’s resilience, ultimately promoting both physical and mental wellbeing throughout the aging process.

The best supplements are backed by peer-reviewed research, clinical trials, and most importantly, measurable biomarker changes that prove they’re doing what they claim. This is why testing is so critical. 

To help you navigate these choices, we’ve ranked 15 of the most popular longevity supplements based on scientific evidence.

Our Evidence-Based Ranking System

Image of a doctor conducting scientific research.

To separate real results from marketing hype, we’ve developed a rigorous, evidence-based ranking system. Each recommendation is carefully assessed based on:

  • Scientific Backing: The quality and depth of clinical trials and mechanistic studies.
  • Safety Profile: Comprehensive research ensuring long-term safety.
  • Effectiveness: Proven bioavailability to deliver real results.

Rating Criteria:

Overall Evidence Rating:

  • 5/5: Extensive human clinical trials with consistent results
  • 4/5: Multiple human trials with strong mechanistic understanding
  • 3/5: Limited human trials but strong preclinical evidence
  • 2/5: Primarily animal studies
  • 1/5: Limited scientific evidence

Safety Profile:

  • 5/5: Extensive long-term safety data with minimal concerns
  • 4/5: Good safety profile with some considerations
  • 3/5: Moderate safety profile with known interactions
  • 2/5: Limited safety data or significant interactions
  • 1/5: Safety concerns present

Bioavailability Score:

  • 5/5: Excellent absorption with proven delivery mechanisms
  • 4/5: Good absorption with established uptake
  • 3/5: Moderate absorption with some limitations
  • 2/5: Poor absorption requiring specific formulations
  • 1/5: Very poor absorption with significant limitations

The 15 Best Longevity Supplements Ranked

Woman scientist staring at model genome

Each longevity supplement is rated based on research quality and measurable cellular impact to help you make an informed decision.

Here is our full list of the best longevity supplements in 2025:

  1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
  2. Magnesium
  3. Creatine
  4. Vitamin C
  5. NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)
  6. Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)
  7. Vitamin D
  8. Curcumin
  9. Fisetin
  10. Quercetin
  11. CoQ10
  12. Taurine
  13. Resveratrol
  14. Green Tea Extract (EGCG)
  15. GlyNAC (Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine)

1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Overall Evidence Rating: 5/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

Omega-3 fatty acids have been extensively studied for their potential impact on longevity and overall health. Research suggests that these fatty acids, particularly those derived from fish oils such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may contribute to a longer lifespan by influencing various health factors.

  • A 2021 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that higher blood levels of omega-3s were associated with a remarkable 4.7-year increase in life expectancy. This wasn’t just a minor statistical blip, as the study revealed that omega-3 levels in the blood were as potent a predictor of mortality risk as smoking.1
  • Omega-3s combat chronic inflammation, a major driver of age-related diseases. They also help maintain the integrity of cell membranes, particularly in the brain and retina.2
  • These fatty acids don’t just add years to life – they add life to years. Higher omega-3 levels correlate with improved cognitive function and a lower risk of dementia in older adults.3
  • The cardiovascular benefits of omega-3s are well-established. They reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular events.4
  • But perhaps most intriguingly, omega-3s may influence the very markers of cellular aging. One meta analysis revealed an overall beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the length of telomeres – protective structures at the ends of chromosomes that naturally shrink as we age.5

Supplementation tips:

  • The research suggests aiming for an Omega-3 Index (a measure of omega-3s in red blood cells) above 8%.6
  • The best approach to obtaining omega-3s is through whole food sources.
  • Fatty fish are the ultimate source, with the American Heart Association recommending at least two 3-ounce servings per week.7
  • If choosing a supplement, aim for the highest quality available, as up to 50% of fish oil supplements exceed recommended oxidation limits.8

2. Magnesium

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 5/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

Known for its involvement in over 300 enzymatic reactions9, magnesium supports important processes like energy production, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Beyond these well-known roles, magnesium directly impacts cellular function and resilience.

  • A meta-analysis of 19 prospective cohort studies (1,168,756 participants) investigating total, dietary, and supplemental magnesium intake found that greater dietary magnesium was linked to reduced all-cause mortality.10
  • Another meta-analysis found that magnesium supplementation significantly lowers blood pressure in people with hypertension11, with effects comparable to or exceeding many standard treatments, making it a valuable tool for cardiovascular health.
  • A 2024 review in Nutrients shows magnesium to be a critical factor in mitigating age-related physiological decline by targeting multiple pathways involved in aging, from genomic instability to cellular senescence.12
  • Higher magnesium levels are linked to improved bone mineral density.13 In fact, maintaining adequate magnesium is as important as calcium in preventing age-related bone loss.
  • Magnesium supports metabolic health14 by boosting insulin sensitivity and regulating blood sugar levels. 
  • It can also improve sleep quality15 by reducing the time it takes to fall asleep and promoting more restorative rest.

Supplementation tips: 

  • While the RDA ranges from 310-420 mg daily for adults16, individual needs vary based on lifestyle factors and health status.
  • Though whole foods like nuts, seeds, and leafy greens provide bioavailable forms, supplementation is often necessary for achieving optimal levels. 
  • The most bioavailable forms of magnesium include glycinate, chloride, bicarbonate, malate, and citrate.

3. Creatine

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 5/5

Bioavailability Score: 5/5

Creatine is a naturally occurring compound found in small amounts in certain foods and synthesized in the body from amino acids.17 It supports energy production, particularly during high-intensity exercise, making it one of the most popular supplements among athletes and gym-goers. 

  • Over 500 peer-reviewed studies confirm creatine’s direct impact on strength and power output. Athletes consistently show 5-15% improvements in high-intensity performance18, making it the most reliable supplement for athletic capacity.
  • In studies with aging mice, creatine reduced markers of aging like lipofuscin accumulation and increased lifespan by approximately 9%19.
  • Creatine also helps reduce muscle damage markers20 after intense training, decreases inflammation, and significantly shortens recovery time.
  • Brain function improves measurably with creatine supplementation. Studies demonstrate 15% faster reaction times and improved memory21 in individuals supplementing with creatine, particularly those starting with lower baseline levels.
  • This nutrient also increases ATP availability in neurons22, potentially slowing the progression of various neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Metabolic benefits stand out clearly: creatine improves glucose uptake when combined with exercise23. It supports insulin sensitivity even in sedentary individuals.

Our Scientific Formulation: Our pharmaceutical-grade Creatine ATP powder delivers a precise 4-gram daily serving that research has shown optimal for both performance and longevity benefits. Each batch undergoes rigorous purity testing to ensure you receive the highest quality supplement for your health optimization journey.

4. Vitamin C

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 5/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that orchestrates numerous essential processes in your body.24 Research continues to uncover new ways this vitamin supports optimal health at the cellular level.

  • Observational data from 11,348 U.S. adults followed for a median of 10 years showed that men in the highest quartile of total vitamin C intake had notably lower all-cause mortality compared to those in the lowest quartile.25
  • The latest research in Nutrition Reviews revealed that Vitamin C systematically neutralizes harmful free radicals26, creating a powerful defense network throughout your body.
  • Vitamin C is also essential for immune function27. Data shows it boosts white blood cell production and improves their effectiveness, strengthening your body’s natural defenses.
  • Cardiovascular research reveals vitamin C’s direct impact on heart health. This nutrient helps maintain arterial flexibility and supports healthy blood pressure28 important for cardiovascular wellness.
  • Vitamin C plays a crucial part in skin health, too. It supports collagen production, promoting skin strength and regeneration29, and contributing to your body’s natural renewal process.
  • Additionally, vitamin C can triple iron uptake from plant sources30, making your nutrition more effective.

Supplementation tips:

  • For optimal health, adults should aim for 75-90mg of vitamin C daily31, with some evidence suggesting that higher amounts may provide additional benefits. 
  • The tolerable upper intake level is set at 2,000 mg per day to prevent potential side effects.
  • Consuming a range of vitamin C-rich foods ensures you meet these recommendations and support your overall health.

5. NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a naturally occurring nucleotide that serves as a precursor to NAD+, an essential coenzyme involved in hundreds of cellular processes. As NAD+ levels decline with age, this depletion is tied to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and other hallmarks of aging. 

  • A 2022 randomized clinical trial found that daily NMN supplementation significantly increased blood NAD+ levels in middle-aged adults within 30 days. Participants also demonstrated improved physical performance in a six-minute walking test and maintained stable biological age markers compared to a placebo group, which showed signs of aging progression.32
  • Long-term NMN supplementation has been shown to delay frailty, improve gut health by enhancing intestinal barrier function, and extend lifespan in aging mice.33 These benefits were linked to increased expression of proteins like SIRT1 and reduced inflammation.
  • A 12-week study involving older adults revealed that NMN supplementation reduced arterial stiffness and improved muscle performance metrics like gait speed and grip strength34, suggesting its potential for combating age-related vascular and muscular decline.
  • In a study involving prediabetic women, NMN supplementation improved insulin sensitivity by 25% after just 10 weeks35. Participants also experienced improvements in muscle glucose uptake and overall glucose regulation.
  • Brain imaging studies show that NMN supplementation increases cerebral blood flow36 in regions related to memory and cognitive function.

Supplementation tips:

  • Typical NMN dosages range from 250 to 900 mg per day, depending on individual goals and health status.
  • Clinical trials have demonstrated that NMN supplements are safe and well-tolerated at doses up to 900 mg daily.
  • For optimal absorption, powder or capsule forms are often recommended.

Our Scientific Formulation: Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster combines pharmaceutical-grade NMN with synergistic ingredients like D-ribose and creatine monohydrate in a clinically validated formula. For best results, pair it with our Intracellular NAD® Test to measure your baseline levels and track your progress. Experience the difference that scientifically optimized NAD+ levels can make in your energy, metabolism, and cellular health.

6. Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

NR is a derivative of vitamin B3 and another well-studied NAD+ precursor that supports cellular energy production and repair.

  • A study in Nature Communications showed that NR supplementation increased NAD+ levels by 60% in humans37, with the elevated levels sustained throughout supplementation. 
  • Research in Nature found that NR supplementation reduced arterial stiffness and lowered blood pressure38 in adults, independent of lifestyle changes.
  • A 21-day study on older adults demonstrated that NR supplementation lowered markers of inflammation, suggesting its potential to mitigate age-related chronic diseases.39
  • Preclinical research suggests that NR may help protect against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s by enhancing NAD+-dependent processes.40
  • NR influences metabolic health as well. Studies show it improves insulin sensitivity and body composition41, supporting metabolic efficiency in aging individuals.

Supplementation tips:

  • Typical doses range from 250–1,000 mg per day, with 1,000 mg/day being well-tolerated in clinical studies.
  • NR is available as a standalone supplement or combined with other NAD+ precursors.

7. Vitamin D

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

Often called the “sunshine vitamin,” vitamin D plays an important role in calcium absorption, bone health, and immune function. Recent research has unveiled its potential impact on longevity and healthy aging.

  • A meta-analysis of 52 trials with 75,454 participants found that vitamin D supplementation was associated with a significant 16% reduction in cancer mortality.42
  • A systematic review of 25 randomized controlled trials (11,321 participants) demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of acute respiratory tract infections.43
  • A study at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging revealed that vitamin D activation of longevity genes led to a 33% increase in median lifespan44 in C. elegans. Vitamin D actively prevented protein misfolding associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
  • Vitamin D also acts as a master regulator of immune function, modulating inflammatory responses throughout the body.45
  • A systematic review shows that Vitamin D supplementation improves muscle performance and reduces fall risk in older adults.46

Supplementation tips: 

  • Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the preferred form for supplementation.
  • The RDA for adults 19-70 years is 600 IU (15 mcg) daily, increasing to 800 IU (20 mcg) for those over 70.
  • Many experts recommend higher doses, particularly for older adults or those at risk of deficiency. The Endocrine Society suggests 1,500-2,000 IU daily for adults over 19 years.47
  • Combining vitamin D with vitamin K2 may enhance its benefits for bone and cardiovascular health.
  • Regular monitoring of blood levels is recommended, as individual needs can vary widely based on factors like sun exposure, skin pigmentation, and age.

8. Curcumin

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 2/5

Curcumin, the vibrant yellow compound in turmeric, has been studied as a potent anti-aging agent with wide-ranging benefits for longevity and health. This golden spice, long used in traditional medicine, is backed by compelling scientific evidence for its role in promoting healthy aging.

  • A randomized, double-blind study found that curcumin supplementation (400 mg/day for 4 weeks) significantly enhanced sustained attention, working memory, and mood in healthy older adults aged 60-85.48
  • A 2023 study demonstrated curcumin’s ability to extend the lifespan of aging postmitotic cells, with maximal effects observed at lower concentrations, suggesting a hormetic response.49
  • Clinical trials demonstrate that curcumin can reduce inflammatory markers in arthritis patients50, showing comparable effectiveness to several anti-inflammatory medications. 
  • Curcumin has been shown to boost antioxidant enzyme activity by up to 300%51, creating a robust defense against oxidative damage and helping to reduce markers of cellular aging and stress.
  • A 12-week randomized controlled trial showed curcumin supplementation (2000 mg/day) improved vascular endothelial function in middle-aged and older adults52, potentially reducing the risk of age-related cardiovascular diseases.
  • An 18-month study revealed that curcumin supplementation (180 mg/day) significantly improved visual memory and attention in adults aged 51-84.53

Supplementation tips:

  • Effective doses in studies range from 80-2000 mg daily, with benefits observed even at lower doses.
  • Curcumin is poorly absorbed on its own. Look for formulations that enhance bioavailability, such as those combined with piperine or using liposomal delivery systems.
  • While generally safe, consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation, especially if you have pre-existing conditions or are on medication.

Our Scientific Formulation: Our Extra Strength turmeric curcumin supplement combines 95% curcuminoids, Boswellia, ginger root, and quercetin—enhanced with piperine for maximum bioavailability. This research-backed combination provides comprehensive support for healthy aging and inflammation management.

9. Fisetin

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

Fisetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, particularly strawberries, apples, and onions. Fisetin has increasing interest in longevity research for its ability to eliminate senescent cells, or aging cells that contribute to tissue dysfunction and chronic inflammation.

  • A 2018 study published in EBioMedicine identified fisetin as the most potent senolytic among 10 flavonoids tested. The research demonstrated that fisetin treatment reduced senescence markers in multiple tissues and extended median and maximum lifespan.54
  • A 2023 study in Aging Cell revealed that intermittent fisetin supplementation improved arterial function in old mice by decreasing vascular cell senescence.55 
  • Laboratory studies show that fisetin boosts cellular antioxidant levels, enhancing glutathione production and activating the Nrf2 pathway.56
  • Studies on mice with Huntington’s Disease showed that fisetin administration delayed the onset of motor defects and increased lifespan by 30%.57
  • In a 2024 pilot study on healthy adults over 50 years old, 4 out of 10 participants experienced a reduction in biological age after fisetin supplementation.58
  • Brain imaging studies indicate that fisetin raises brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels by up to 40%59, supporting neuronal growth and survival.
  • Fisetin also reduces inflammatory markers through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.60
  • Cardiovascular studies also show that fisetin improves arterial flexibility by up to 25% and reduces oxidative stress markers in blood vessels by 30%.61

Supplementation tips:

  • Studies have used doses equivalent to 200-500mg daily for one week per month.
  • Look for high-quality supplements that ensure bioavailability, as fisetin’s absorption can be limited.
  • When considering supplementation, consult with a healthcare professional.

Our Scientific Formulation: The SenoAid™ senolytic supplement complex combines optimal-dose fisetin with synergistic compounds like quercetin and bromelain, enhanced with piperine for maximum bioavailability.

10. Quercetin

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 2/5

Quercetin is a flavonoid found abundantly in fruits and vegetables, known for its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research shows it is a promising candidate for supporting longevity and mitigating age-related diseases.

  • A systematic review highlighted that quercetin supplementation significantly increases total antioxidant capacity and decreases markers of oxidative stress.62
  • A meta-analysis indicated that quercetin supplementation could lead to significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, supporting its role in preventing cardiovascular diseases.63
  • In another systematic review, quercetin has been shown to lower inflammatory markers, contributing to reduced joint pain and faster recovery in athletes.64
  • Long-term quercetin use has been associated with increased telomere length in elderly patients, indicating a potential geroprotective effect.65

Supplementation tips:

  • The typical dosage for quercetin supplementation ranges from 500 mg to 1,000 mg daily.
  • While dietary sources such as onions, apples, and berries are beneficial, achieving therapeutic levels through diet alone can be challenging; thus, supplementation may be necessary.
  • Quercetin’s bioavailability can be enhanced when taken with vitamin C or other compounds that support its absorption.

11. CoQ10

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) is a naturally occurring compound found in every cell of the human body. The body produces CoQ10 naturally, but levels tend to decrease with age. It’s particularly concentrated in organs with high energy demands like the heart, liver, kidneys, and muscles.

  • A meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials (2,149 participants) found that CoQ10 supplementation significantly reduced markers of inflammation and oxidative stress66, key factors in the aging process.
  • A landmark study published in JACC: Heart Failure demonstrated that long-term CoQ10 supplementation reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 43% and all-cause mortality by 42% in patients with chronic heart failure.67
  • A 2018 review in Frontiers in Physiology revealed that CoQ10 supplementation can improve mitochondrial function and alleviate symptoms of aging.68
  • A randomized controlled trial demonstrated that CoQ10 supplementation improved insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.69
  • A double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that CoQ10 supplementation improved exercise capacity and reduced fatigue in elderly individuals.70

Supplementation tips:

  • Typical dosages range from 100-200 mg daily.
  • CoQ10 is fat-soluble, so taking it with a meal containing healthy fats can enhance absorption.
  • The reduced form, ubiquinol, may be more bioavailable than ubiquinone, especially in older adults.

12. Taurine

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

Taurine is an amino sulfonic acid that occurs naturally in the body, particularly in the brain, heart, and muscles. Unlike many nutrients, taurine’s impact on health extends far beyond its basic physiological roles, with mounting evidence suggesting it could slow the aging process and protect against chronic diseases.

  • A groundbreaking study published in Science revealed that taurine supplementation can dramatically slow aging in mice, increasing their lifespan by up to 12%.71 This translates to a potential 7-8 year extension in human terms.
  • Taurine’s most profound impact appears to be its ability to combat chronic inflammation and oxidative stress72 – two primary drivers of age-related decline.
  • A review in the journal Atherosclerosis found that Taurine reduces cholesterol levels and inflammatory markers73, potentially lowering the risk of heart disease. 
  • Neurologically, taurine can help reduce brain inflammation and oxidative stress74, potentially lowering the risk of neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s.
  • Large-scale studies have shown it can improve glycemic control, with participants experiencing significant reductions in fasting blood glucose and insulin levels.75

Supplement tips:

  • Taurine is generally considered safe, with the European Food Safety Authority setting an upper limit of 6g per day.
  • Taurine can be taken with or without food, with some studies suggesting improved bioavailability on an empty stomach.

13. Resveratrol

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 2/5

Resveratrol is a natural compound found in several plants, most notably in the skin of red grapes, red wine, peanuts, and some berries. It belongs to a class of compounds called polyphenols and functions as an antioxidant.

  • Research shows that resveratrol can lower blood pressure and improve endothelial function76, which is essential for maintaining healthy blood vessels.
  • Resveratrol exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties77, which can help mitigate chronic inflammation linked to various diseases. 
  • It may also have anti-cancer properties by inhibiting cancer cell growth and promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death).78
  • Resveratrol can also protect against neurodegenerative diseases79 such as Alzheimer’s by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. 
  • Resveratrol supplementation could help manage blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes.80

Supplementation tips:

  • The optimal dosage of resveratrol is not yet established, but most studies use doses ranging from 150 mg to 1000 mg per day.
  • Resveratrol has low bioavailability when taken orally, so look for supplements that enhance absorption, such as those combined with piperine.
  • Time-release formulations may provide more consistent blood levels throughout the day.

14. Green Tea Extract (EGCG)

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 3/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

EGCG or epigallocatechin gallate is the most abundant and potent catechin found in green tea extract, accounting for about 50-80% of the total catechins in green tea. It’s a natural polyphenol compound that acts as a powerful antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

  • A study published in 2023 revealed that EGCG supplementation over 18 months increased median lifespan by approximately 25% in mice. This remarkable extension was accompanied by a 46.96% average lowered risk of death.81
  • EGCG has shown numerous cardiovascular health promoting activities and has therapeutic properties such as anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cardiac hypertrophy, anti-myocardial infarction, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant.82
  • Green tea’s components, EGCG and its degradation products, promote neuronal differentiation and reduce stress, which may help suppress brain aging.83
  • EGCG consumption during aging strengthens systemic immunity, potentially alleviating age-associated issues in immunity and immunosenescence.84
  • There is also growing evidence that EGCG may inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death)85 in various cancer types.

Supplementation tips:

  • For supplements: 200-400mg per day is generally considered safe for most healthy adults.
  • When consuming via green tea: 3-5 cups per day (providing roughly 200-500mg EGCG).
  • Avoid if you have liver problems or take medications affecting the liver.
  • Don’t exceed 800mg EGCG per day from all sources combined.

15. GlyNAC (Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine)

Overall Evidence Rating: 2/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

GlyNAC is a combination supplement containing glycine and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), two amino acids that play important roles in the body’s production of master antioxidant glutathione,. Research has shown that GlyNAC supplementation may help address age-related decline in glutathione levels and improve multiple hallmarks of aging.

  • GlyNAC supplementation in mice increases lifespan and improves age-associated defects, warranting further investigation.86
  • A randomized control trial found that older adults taking GlyNAC for 24 weeks experienced a marked increase in glutathione87, which is essential for combating oxidative stress and maintaining cellular health.
  • A 2021 study published in the Journal of Nutrition showed that GlyNAC supplementation corrected mitochondrial dysfunction in older participants, leading to improvements in energy production and overall cellular function.88
  • GlyNAC supplementation can improve brain health and cognitive decline in older adults and aged mice, potentially reversing cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.89

Supplementation tips:

  • Taking glycine and NAC separately may not provide the same benefits as taking them together in the form of GlyNAC.
  • The optimal ratio of glycine to NAC is typically 1:1.
  • Most studies recommend starting with 600mg-1,200mg daily of GlyNAC.
  • Consult a healthcare provider before starting GlyNAC, especially if you have existing medical conditions or are taking medications.

How to Safely Choose an Anti-Aging Supplement

Picture of a woman holding anti-aging supplement.

Navigating the world of anti-aging supplements can feel like walking through a maze – there are so many options, each promising miraculous results. Choosing wisely is critical to protecting your health and seeing benefits.

First things first, do your homework. Look for supplements with ingredients backed by real scientific research. Think of it like choosing a personal trainer. You want someone (or in this case, something) with credentials and a track record of delivering results.

When you’re just starting out, go slow. Start with lower doses to see how your body responds. This approach helps you avoid potential side effects and gives you a chance to understand what works for your unique body.

Most importantly, be extra cautious if you’re taking other medications. Some supplements can interact in surprising ways with prescription drugs. A vitamin that seems harmless could potentially interfere with your heart medication or blood thinners. This is why consulting with a healthcare provider isn’t just a suggestion – it’s a necessity.

Your healthcare provider is your best support in this journey. They can provide personalized guidance based on your specific health history, current medications, and individual needs. They’ll help you navigate potential interactions and find the right supplement for you.

Lifestyle Factors for Better Aging

Picture of an old couple jogging.

While anti-aging supplements can be valuable tools in supporting your health, they’re most effective when integrated into a comprehensive wellness strategy. These targeted nutritional supports work best alongside a balanced diet, regular exercise, quality sleep, and mindful lifestyle choices. 

  • Regular Exercise: Both cardio and strength training improve muscle strength, endurance, and heart health while reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
  • Sleep Quality: Quality sleep is essential for the body’s repair processes, and cognitive function, and for reducing the risk of age-related diseases.
  • Stress Management: Techniques like meditation and deep breathing lower stress hormones, improve emotional well-being, and improve resilience.
  • Strong Social Connections: Maintaining close relationships and social networks is linked to longer life and better mental health.
  • Mental Challenges: Lifelong learning and intellectually stimulating activities help maintain cognitive function and reduce dementia risk.
  • Whole Food Diet: A nutrient-rich diet of whole foods supports overall health, reduces inflammation, and supports supplement effectiveness.

By approaching supplements as one piece of a holistic health puzzle, you can optimize their potential benefits and support your body’s natural aging process more effectively.

Your Personal Longevity Equation: Testing and Optimization

Image of a matured woman looking in the mirror.

Your biological age isn’t always the same as your chronological age. Modern science has revealed that genetic variations, lifestyle choices, and environmental exposures combine to create distinct patterns of cellular aging in each person. 

Understanding your personal biomarkers isn’t just helpful – it’s fundamental for optimization.

The AgingSOS® Advanced Panel provides deep insights through 22 critical cellular markers:

  • NAD+ metabolism: Essential for cellular energy production, DNA repair, and healthy aging mechanisms
  • Senescence markers: Identifying the accumulation of aging cells that affect tissue function
  • Inflammatory cytokines: Measuring cellular stress and immune system balance Discover our inflammation testing

These markers, combined with the AgeRate Epigenetic Age Test of DNA methylation patterns, create a comprehensive map of your biological age. This precise data reveals which areas of your cellular health need attention and allows for targeted interventions.

Rather than following generic health protocols, your test results enable the creation of a personalized optimization strategy. Each supplement, lifestyle modification, and intervention is chosen based on your unique biological data.

Transform your health journey from guesswork to science.

Discover Our At-Home Tests

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  84. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10522-017-9696-6 ↩︎
  85. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9181147/ ↩︎
  86. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/5/1114 ↩︎
  87. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9261343/ ↩︎
  88. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622004552 ↩︎
  89. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Reversing-Cognitive-Decline-in-Aging%3A-Reversible-a-Sekhar-Taffet/174584acf296fb1c2cf1e1fde53240d9c04bf97e ↩︎
does nad help with fertility

How NAD+ and NMN Supplements Impact Female Fertility

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in NAD+, Infertility, NAD+ Precursors. No Comments on How NAD+ and NMN Supplements Impact Female Fertility

The clock on your fertility isn’t just ticking—it’s running on cellular batteries. While most women know about the biological clock, few understand the molecular power supply that keeps it running.

Inside each of your eggs lies an intricate network of mitochondria—more than in any other cell type in your body. These cellular powerhouses depend on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a molecule known as NAD+ that orchestrates energy production and DNA repair. The reality of aging brings a steady decline in NAD+ levels, which may compromise egg quality and reproductive potential.

Recent scientific advances point to NMN supplementation as a way to replenish these diminishing NAD+ reserves. Unlike traditional fertility approaches that work indirectly, NMN targets the fundamental cellular processes within egg cells. This breakthrough in cellular science is opening new possibilities for women’s reproductive health—and challenging our assumptions about biological time.

Key Takeaways:

  • NAD+ levels naturally decline with age in women’s eggs, which significantly impacts fertility since egg cells contain more mitochondria than any other cell type and require substantial energy for proper development and division.
  • Scientific studies demonstrate that NMN supplementation can help restore NAD+ levels in aging ovaries, leading to improved egg quality, enhanced mitochondrial function, and better reproductive outcomes in research models. 
  • The timing of NAD+ intervention appears crucial, as research indicates that while NMN supplementation can improve various markers of ovarian health, it may be most effective when started before advanced age-related fertility decline occurs.
  • Regular monitoring of NAD+ levels through testing can help optimize supplementation strategies.

NAD+ Decline and Women’s Fertility

does nad help with fertility

Your eggs demand more energy than any other cells in your body. These remarkable cells house dense networks of mitochondria1—energy-producing structures that run on NAD+ to fuel the intricate process of reproduction.

A comprehensive review by Liang et al. (2023) synthesized our understanding of NAD+ metabolism’s impact on ovarian aging2. As time takes its toll and NAD+ levels decline, a cascade of challenges occur within egg cells:

  • Mitochondrial energy production falters, compromising cellular function
  • DNA repair mechanisms slow, leaving genetic material vulnerable
  • Oxidative stress defenses weaken
  • Cell division loses its precision

Perrone et al. (2023) identified the culprit: CD38, a protein abundant in ovarian immune cells, that actively depletes NAD+ reserves as we age3. This targeted drainage affects ovarian tissue specifically, potentially accelerating fertility decline. Your immune system inadvertently reduces the very molecule your eggs need to thrive.

Another study published in Nature Communications revealed the crucial role of NAD+ in egg cell division and quality4. The research team discovered that when NAD+ levels decrease in aging eggs, two specific problems occur:

  1. The spindle (the cellular structure that helps separate chromosomes during cell division) becomes abnormally long
  2. The egg loses its ability to complete a critical fast movement during division

Both issues affect the egg’s ability to divide properly – a process that must happen precisely for successful reproduction. During normal egg cell division, most cellular material needs to stay with the egg while only a small portion separates. When NAD+ levels are low, this precise division becomes compromised.

This high-impact research found that NAD+ levels naturally decrease in mouse eggs as they age. This decrease directly affects the egg cells’ mitochondria, reducing their function. Since eggs require significant energy to develop properly, this loss of energy production capability helps explain why egg quality tends to decline with age.

The study demonstrated that maintaining higher NAD+ levels helped preserve proper egg cell division and function. This suggests that finding ways to support NAD+ levels might help maintain egg quality as females age.

NMN Restores Oocyte Quality and Fertility

The success of reproduction hinges on egg cell health. These specialized cells require immense energy reserves to orchestrate fertilization, execute precise cell division, and support early embryo development. When cellular energy falls short, reproductive potential diminishes.

Scientific research published in Cell Reports revealed that NAD+ precursor NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) demonstrates remarkable potential in maintaining cellular energy production and supporting reproductive function5.

The researchers examined aging female mice, documenting telltale signs of reproductive decline in their egg cells. Mitochondrial efficiency had decreased significantly, resulting in reduced cellular energy production.

This energy deficit impaired proper egg development and embryo support. The aging eggs also showed increased chromosomal abnormalities—a direct threat to fertility.

NMN supplementation produced striking improvements across multiple markers of reproductive health. The treated eggs showed enhanced mitochondrial function and restored energy production.

Most significantly, egg quality and viability improved markedly, supporting superior embryo development despite advanced maternal age.

The benefits appear to flow through NAD+-dependent pathways, with particular emphasis on the SIRT2 enzyme’s role in egg quality enhancement. This research not only proves a fundamental truth that maintaining optimal NAD+ levels is a cornerstone of reproductive cellular health, but also represents a promising non-invasive treatment approach for age-related female infertility.

The findings suggest potential applications in both natural conception and IVF treatment, offering hope for improved fertility outcomes while reducing the financial and emotional burden often associated with fertility challenges.

NAD+ Supplementation Helps Treat Reproductive Diseases

does nad help with fertility

A 2024 review published in Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports reveals the wide-ranging benefits of NAD+ supplementation for female reproductive health6. The researchers found that ovarian NAD+ levels decline dramatically with age, showing a 50-70% reduction in 8-month-old mice.

The study demonstrates that supplementation with NAD+ precursors effectively addresses age-related decline in oocyte quality. By improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress, NAD+ supplementation helps maintain proper chromosome structure and spindle assembly during cell division.

For women with PCOS, the research highlights how NAD+ precursor supplementation helps regulate insulin sensitivity and reduce chronic inflammation. This occurs through the AMPK-SIRT1 pathway, which enhances oocyte and embryo quality through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

The researchers also uncovered NAD+’s critical role in pregnancy outcomes. Their analysis revealed that NAD+ deficiency during pregnancy can lead to birth defects and pregnancy loss, while maintaining adequate NAD+ levels through supplementation supports normal embryonic development.

Most notably, the study found that long-term NAD+ precursor supplementation shows better results than short-term interventions. This insight suggests the importance of sustained supplementation strategies for optimal reproductive health outcomes.

NMN Supplementation Maintains Ovarian Health During Aging

does nad help with fertility

A significant 2024 published in MedComm examined how NMN supplementation affects aging ovaries7. The researchers found that NMN supplementation in aging mice achieved several important results:

  • Restored NAD+ levels in aging ovarian tissue
  • Prevented ovarian atrophy (shrinkage)
  • Increased the quantity and quality of egg cells
  • Improved hormone production
  • Enhanced antioxidant activity
  • Reduced inflammation
  • Increased the number of viable ovarian follicles

The researchers used advanced microscopy to examine cellular changes, revealing that NMN treatment improved the health of key ovarian cells (granulosa cells) by enhancing their energy-producing structures (mitochondria).

While NMN treatment successfully improved several markers of ovarian health, it’s important to note that it did not restore fertility in very old mice, suggesting there may be a window of opportunity for intervention before age-related fertility decline becomes too advanced.

This research provides promising evidence that NMN supplementation could help maintain ovarian health during aging, potentially offering new approaches for fertility preservation in women. However, timing of intervention may be crucial for effectiveness.

A Strategic Approach to NAD+ Supplementation

does nad help with fertility

If you’re looking to optimize your NAD+ levels and improve fertility, scientific evidence points to NAD+ precursor supplementation as a targeted approach that enables your cells to maintain energy production, DNA repair, and reproductive function.

Data-driven supplementation starts with measuring your current NAD+ status through an Intracellular NAD® test—transforming abstract cellular science into precise, actionable information.

When it comes to the best NAD+ supplements. NMN stands out among NAD+ precursors for its molecular stability and cellular absorption. Research demonstrates its direct contribution to NAD+ production, making it a cornerstone of evidence-based supplementation protocols. 

For those seeking maximum potency, our Pure NMN powder delivers concentrated support with over 99.5% purity. This pharmaceutical-grade formula provides your cells with a direct pathway to improving NAD+ status.

The science of NAD+ optimization extends beyond single-compound approaches. Advanced NAD+ boosters incorporate synergistic compounds that amplify cellular energy production, delivering sustained benefits beyond NMN alone.

Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster represents this next generation of NAD+ science. This clinically-validated formula combines precise amounts of NMN, D-ribose, niacinamide, and creatine monohydrate—each compound selected based on its documented role in cellular energetics.

Supporting fertility through NAD+ optimization requires precision and measurement. By combining targeted supplementation with regular NAD+ monitoring, you can maintain optimal cellular function for reproductive health.

This scientific approach puts the power of molecular medicine in your hands, allowing you to support your fertility with unprecedented precision.

GET YOUR NAD+ TEST KIT

Reference Sources:

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8909547/ ↩︎
  2. https://immunityageing.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12979-023-00398-w ↩︎
  3. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/10/231018161914.htm ↩︎
  4. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17088-6 ↩︎
  5. https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(20)30083-8 ↩︎
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405580824000797 ↩︎
  7. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mco2.727 ↩︎

does nad help with sleep

Can NAD+ Supplementation Improve Your Sleep Quality?

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in NAD+, NAD, NAD+ Precursors, Nicotinamide, Sleep. No Comments on Can NAD+ Supplementation Improve Your Sleep Quality?

Getting a good night’s sleep shouldn’t feel like chasing an impossible dream. Yet for many people, quality sleep remains frustratingly elusive, despite following all the standard advice about blue light, bedtime routines, and bedroom temperature.

The solution might lie not in your bedroom, but in your cells.

Among the many molecules involved in sleep regulation is NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), which plays an important role in your body’s circadian rhythms – the internal clock that helps regulate sleep and wake cycles. This molecule works alongside other important factors like hormones and neurotransmitters to influence sleep patterns.

Let’s explore what science tells us about the role of NAD+ in sleep quality and whether boosting NAD+ levels could help you get better rest.

Key Takeaways:

  • NAD+ plays a fundamental role in regulating your body’s circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles, with research showing its levels directly impact sleep quality and duration
  • Scientific studies have demonstrated that maintaining optimal NAD+ levels can improve sleep efficiency and may even reduce the amount of sleep needed to feel restored
  • Your body’s NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, but can be boosted through physical activity, diet, and targeted supplementation to support better sleep patterns

What is NAD+?

NAD+ is a coenzyme involved in hundreds of biological processes, including the regulation of circadian rhythms and mitochondrial function that directly influence sleep-wake cycles, making it a fundamental molecule for maintaining healthy sleep patterns and cellular repair during rest1. Researchers are actively exploring NAD+’s potential benefits across multiple areas where declining levels impact aging including sleep quality, athletic performance, and skin health.

Does NAD+ Improve Sleep Quality? A Look at the Evidence

A woman in a sleep mask

Wonder why some nights you sleep better than others? Beyond the usual suspects like late-night coffee or racing thoughts, your cellular NAD+ levels help regulate your sleep quality at the molecular level.

Here’s an overview of the latest research on how your body’s NAD+ status can shape your nightly rest.

Circadian Rhythm Regulation

Your body isn’t just randomly waking up and going to sleep. It runs on an exquisitely precise internal clock. This biological timekeeper is known as your circadian rhythm and tells your body when it’s time to be awake and when it’s time to start winding down. 

Research in Molecular Cell has shown that NAD+ controls circadian reprogramming and decreases in total NAD levels are associated with circadian and sleep–wake disruptions2. This drop directly impacts quality of sleep, often leaving you feeling unrested, even when following a normal sleep schedule.

Sleep-Wake Metabolism

Your brain doesn’t just power down when you sleep – it actually shifts into a different kind of energy mode. During deep sleep, your brain uses about half as much glucose as it does when you’re awake. This major metabolic shift involves NAD+, which helps convert nutrients into energy your cells can use. 

During your waking hours, your brain accumulates some natural wear and tear from all its activity. When you sleep, NAD+ helps coordinate the complex chemistry that cleans up this cellular stress. 

A recent study found that supplementation with NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside resulted in subjects requiring less sleep to get the same restorative benefits – about 17% less deep sleep, to be exact3. This would be equivalent to reducing human sleep from 8 to 6.6 hours.

Sleep Duration and Efficiency

Recent research suggests that NAD+ and its reduced form NADH play important roles in sleep regulation, particularly in people with chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). When ME/CFS patients were given a combination of NADH and CoQ10 daily, researchers observed several improvements in sleep-related measures4:

  • Sleep duration showed significant improvement at 4 weeks into treatment
  • Habitual sleep efficiency improved at 8 weeks
  • These improvements were observed within the treatment group, suggesting the supplements may help optimize sleep patterns

Apigenin and NAD+ Levels

Apigenin is a flavonoid found abundantly in parsley and chamomile and known for its ability to enhance sleep quality. Research has demonstrated that apigenin acts as an inhibitor of CD38, an enzyme that continuously breaks down NAD+ in the body5.

Through this protective mechanism of CD38 inhibition and NAD+ preservation, apigenin has been shown to improve multiple aspects of sleep, including reducing time to fall asleep and increasing the duration of deep, restorative sleep phases6.

Quality of Sleep in Parkinson’s Disease

Sleep disturbances are a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s, where disrupted NAD+ metabolism plays a significant role. Research suggests that cellular energy deficits in these conditions correlate with declining NAD+ levels, which can further impact sleep quality. 

One study examining niacin supplementation reported modest but meaningful improvements in sleep patterns – including a 10% reduction in nighttime awakenings7. While not dramatic, maintaining stable sleep patterns in progressive neurological conditions represents an important outcome.

Reduced Daytime Sleepiness

Research has shown that NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) reduces afternoon drowsiness in older adults by converting directly into NAD+ in your cells, helping maintain healthy sleep-wake patterns without disrupting nighttime rest8.

This suggests that taking NMN strategically in the afternoon can help reset your daily rhythm—eliminating post-lunch fatigue while preparing your body for deeper, more restorative sleep at night.

How to Improve NAD+ Levels for Healthier Sleep

does nad help with sleep

NAD+ levels decline dramatically as you age, dropping by about 50% between your 20s and 80s. This reduction directly impacts your sleep cycles and cellular repair processes.

When NAD+ levels fall, you spend less time in deep sleep phases. These stages are where your body conducts essential maintenance: repairing cells, restoring energy, and regulating vital functions. Without sufficient deep sleep, fatigue and reduced resilience become daily challenges.

The great news? Scientific research confirms that optimizing your NAD+ levels can provide relief from common sleep issues. When your NAD+ levels are balanced, your body is better equipped to enter the deep, restorative sleep phases essential for repair, recovery, and overall rejuvenation.

Three primary strategies can help maintain and boost your NAD+ levels:

  • Physical Activity: Regular exercise naturally stimulates NAD+ production in your cells. Research shows that consistent physical activity helps maintain NAD+ at levels typically seen in younger adults, supporting both sleep quality and cellular energy production9.
  • Diet and Nutrition: Several foods naturally support NAD+ levels through precursor molecules. Wild-caught fish, mushrooms, and leafy greens provide building blocks for NAD+ synthesis. However, dietary sources alone rarely provide sufficient NAD+ precursors to counter age-related decline.
  • Targeted Supplementation: Direct supplementation with NAD+ precursors provides the most efficient way to boost cellular NAD+ levels. Modern supplement formulations can deliver precise dosages of compounds that your body converts directly into NAD+.

Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster offers a comprehensive approach to NAD+ optimization. Our clinically-validated NAD powder formulation combines precursors NMN and niacinamide with synergistic ingredients D-ribose and creatine monohydrate. This precise combination supports both NAD+ production and cellular energy systems.

With consistent NAD+ supplementation at the right dosage, you can increase NAD levels and create a positive cycle where better sleep supports cellular repair, and optimized cellular function promotes higher quality rest.

SHOP NAD+ BOOSTER

Frequently Asked Questions

does nad help with sleep

Can NAD+ Help for Insomnia?

NAD+ directly influences your sleep-wake cycles at the molecular level, making it particularly relevant for sleep quality and insomnia. The coenzyme regulates your internal clock while powering the cellular processes that enable deep, restorative sleep.

Science shows that optimal NAD+ levels support sleep cycle regulation, cellular energy production during rest, nighttime repair processes, and stress response systems. These benefits become more important with age, as NAD+ levels naturally decline. Testing and maintaining proper NAD+ levels through targeted supplementation can help restore natural sleep patterns, especially for those experiencing age-related insomnia.

Does NAD Make You Sleepy?

NAD+ doesn’t induce drowsiness. Instead, it optimizes your body’s natural energy cycles. NAD+ actually does the opposite of making you sleepy – it can help improve sleep quality and reduce fatigue while potentially decreasing overall sleep time.

Should NAD+ Be Taken in the Morning or at Night?

Most people benefit from taking NAD+ supplements in the morning to support daytime energy production. Some research suggests afternoon supplementation can help reduce evening fatigue while supporting nighttime sleep quality. The key is consistency—regular supplementation maintains steady NAD+ levels for optimal results.

How Long Does it Take NAD+ to Start Working?

While individual responses vary, many people notice improvements in energy levels within the first few weeks of consistent NAD+ supplementation. The full spectrum of benefits, including improvements in poor sleep quality and cellular repair—typically develop over continued use as your body’s NAD+ levels stabilize at optimal ranges.

Reference Sources:

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7963035/ ↩︎
  2. https://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/fulltext/S1097-2765(20)30236-7 ↩︎
  3. https://academic.oup.com/sleepadvances/article/4/1/zpad044/7484434 ↩︎
  4. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2658 ↩︎
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23172919/ ↩︎
  6. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1359176/full ↩︎
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8245760/#B3 ↩︎
  8. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/4/755 ↩︎
  9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159124006871 ↩︎

An image of foods that help

20 Foods That Boost NAD Levels

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in NAD+, NAD, NAD+ Precursors. No Comments on 20 Foods That Boost NAD Levels

Most people obsess over macros and vitamins. But at the molecular level, something more fundamental is at work: NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), the coenzyme that powers your cells’ ability to generate energy, repair DNA, and maintain peak function.

Specific foods can influence your NAD+ levels, directly impacting your cellular performance, energy, and even how you age.

In this guide, we’ll explore the foods scientifically shown to support healthy NAD+ levels, giving you practical tools to optimize your cellular health through strategic nutrition.

Key Takeaways:

  • NAD+ naturally declines with age, dropping up to 50% by age 50, but specific foods rich in vitamin B3 compounds and tryptophan can support your body’s NAD+ production.
  • Three primary nutritional precursors influence NAD+ levels: B3 compounds (niacin and niacinamide), tryptophan, and direct precursors like NMN and NR.
  • Wild-caught fish, lean meats, seeds, and whole grains top the list of NAD+ supporting foods, offering essential precursors for cellular energy production.
  • While diet provides a foundation, factors like aging, chronic stress, and modern lifestyle challenges may create demands that exceed what food alone can provide.

Nutrients That Support NAD+ Production

An image of a

Your cellular health depends on more than just basic vitamins and minerals. Deep within your cells, specific nutrients act as molecular building blocks and catalysts for NAD+ production—the backbone of cellular energy and longevity.

Research has identified three primary nutrient precursors that influence your body’s NAD+ levels:

  • B3 Compounds: The most direct nutritional route to NAD+ production comes through vitamin B3 (niacin and niacinamide). A 2020 study in Cell Metabolism demonstrated that niacin increased blood NAD+ levels up to 8-fold1, offering potential therapeutic benefits for conditions linked to NAD+ deficiency.
  • Tryptophan: This essential amino acid provides an alternative route to NAD+ synthesis. Research published in the International Journal of Tryptophan Research mapped how tryptophan converts to NAD+ through the kynurenine pathway2, revealing an important backup system for maintaining cellular energy.
  • Direct Precursors: NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) and NR (nicotinamide riboside) represent the newest frontier in NAD+ optimization. These compounds bypass several metabolic steps for a more efficient path to NAD+ production, although they are only present in small amounts in food.

Understanding these nutrients is just the beginning. The real power lies in knowing which foods activate them most effectively. 

Top 20 NAD Boosting Foods

58 1

Your next meal could change your cellular health for the better. Foods high in NAD+ boosting precursors like the various forms of vitamin B3 provide a foundation for optimal cellular function. When combined with a healthy lifestyle, these scientifically validated foods supply the key building blocks your body needs to increase NAD levels naturally.

  • Wild-Caught Fish (Salmon, Tuna, Sardines, Anchovies) – These nutrient-dense fish not only support cellular metabolism as an excellent source of niacin but also offer additional health benefits like omega-3 fatty acids.
  • Meat (Chicken, Turkey, Beef, Pork) – These protein sources contain significant amounts of vitamin B3 and tryptophan, two essential precursors your body uses to produce NAD+.
  • Seeds (Sunflower, Chia, Pumpkin) – Rich in both niacin and tryptophan, these small powerhouses provide key building blocks for NAD+ synthesis while offering healthy fats and protein.
  • Dairy Milk – A natural source of nicotinamide riboside, a direct NAD+ precursor, along with vitamin B3 compounds that support cellular energy production.
  • Whole Grains – Beyond providing steady energy, whole grains contain significant amounts of niacin and other B vitamins that support NAD+ production pathways.
  • Crimini Mushrooms – These earthy fungi pack a surprising punch of niacin, offering nearly 25% of your daily value in just one cup.
  • Nutritional Yeast – A vegetarian favorite that’s loaded with B vitamins, including niacin, making it an excellent NAD+ supporter for plant-based diets.
  • Green Peas – These modest legumes contain both niacin and tryptophan, supporting NAD+ production through multiple pathways.
  • Asparagus – Rich in B vitamins and folate, asparagus supports methylation processes that influence NAD+ metabolism.
  • Avocados – These creamy fruits provide niacin along with healthy fats that support cellular membrane health and nutrient absorption.
  • Edamame (Green Soybeans) – Packed with both niacin and tryptophan, these young soybeans offer complete protein while supporting NAD+ synthesis.
  • Leafy Greens – Dark leafy vegetables contain folate and B vitamins that support the metabolic processes involved in NAD+ production.
  • Lentils – These protein-rich legumes contain significant amounts of niacin and tryptophan, supporting NAD+ production through multiple pathways.
  • Peanuts – High in both nicotinic acid and tryptophan, peanuts provide sustained energy while supporting NAD+ synthesis.
  • Brown Rice – This whole grain contains niacin and other B vitamins that support cellular energy production and NAD+ metabolism.
  • Eggs – A complete protein source containing tryptophan and other B vitamins that support NAD+ synthesis pathways.
  • Tomatoes – These versatile fruits contain modest amounts of niacin while providing antioxidants that support cellular health.
  • Cucumber – While lower in niacin, cucumbers provide hydration and minerals that support overall cellular function.
  • Nuts – Different varieties offer varying levels of niacin and tryptophan, with almonds and pistachios being particularly good sources.
  • Potatoes – These starchy vegetables contain meaningful amounts of niacin and other B vitamins that support NAD+ metabolism.

Is Food Enough for Optimal NAD+ Levels?

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NAD+ levels usually start dropping in your 20s. After age 40, NAD+ levels begin declining sharply and, by age 50, they’ve typically fallen to half their youthful levels3. Diet alone often can’t offset this natural decrease.

Modern life creates additional challenges for maintaining NAD+ levels. Chronic stress4, insufficient sleep, alcohol consumption5, excessive sun exposure, and a sedentary lifestyle can all accelerate NAD+ depletion.

Not to mention, even pristine nutrition faces biological limitations:

  • Absorption Barriers: Your body’s ability to extract and convert NAD+ precursors from food becomes less efficient with age
  • Metabolic Demands: Modern stressors deplete NAD+ faster than traditional diets evolved to handle
  • Precursor Availability: Many foods contain NAD+ building blocks, but not in the concentrated amounts needed to overcome age-related decline

Supplementation may be worth considering when facing significant NAD+ depletion factors like advanced age, chronic stress, poor sleep, or intense athletic training. These situations create demands that exceed what diet alone can provide, making supplementation a valuable reinforcement for true cellular resilience.

How to Optimize NAD+ Beyond Diet

60 1

While nutrition provides essential building blocks, your cells often need additional support to maintain optimal NAD+ levels—especially in the face of aging and environmental stressors.

Direct NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR deliver concentrated, bioavailable forms of these vital molecules straight to your cells. Unlike dietary sources, these compounds bypass multiple conversion steps, providing a more efficient path to optimal NAD+ levels.

This matters because signs of NAD+ depletion, like fatigue, brain fog, or slower recovery, often signal a deeper cellular energy crisis that diet alone can’t resolve. Your cells need targeted support to maintain peak performance.

Therefore, while a nutrient-rich diet forms the cornerstone of health, strategic supplementation with NAD+ precursors6 provides the extra support your cells need to thrive in today’s demanding world.

Our flagship Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster combines premium NMN with synergistic compounds like Creatine Monohydrate, D-Ribose, and Niacinamide. This patent-pending formula maximizes NAD+ production through multiple pathways, supporting optimal cellular function and energy production.

For those seeking a pure NMN option, our >99.5% Pure NMN Powder is a more affordable path to NAD+ optimization. This high-purity powder provides direct NAD+ precursor support without additional compounds.

Moreover, the path to optimal NAD+ levels starts with understanding your current status, where data, not assumptions, should drive your NAD+ optimization.

Our Intracellular NAD® Test shows exactly where you stand and what you need.

It allows you to:

  • Track your baseline levels and monitor changes over time
  • Identify the most effective dosage for your unique biology
  • Measure the impact of different lifestyle and supplementation strategies

NAD testing allows you to measure your actual cellular levels, helping you fine-tune your supplementation strategy for optimal results.

TEST YOUR NAD+

Reference Sources:

  1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041312030190X ↩︎
  2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1178646917713491 ↩︎
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7442590/ ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9917998/ ↩︎
  5. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/5/882 ↩︎
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468501121000055 ↩︎

An image of three matured woman

NMN vs NMNH Differences, Benefits & Risks

Written by Jinfiniti Science on . Posted in NAD+, NAD, NAD+ Precursors, NMN, Premature Aging. No Comments on NMN vs NMNH Differences, Benefits & Risks

NAD+ precursors aren’t created equal. While NMN has established itself as a cornerstone of NAD+ supplementation, its reduced form NMNH has emerged as a potential challenger—promising faster absorption and higher NAD+ increases in preliminary research.

These two molecules take distinct biochemical paths to boost your NAD+ levels. Understanding their differences matters not just for scientific accuracy, but for making informed decisions about your health optimization strategy.

Key Takeaways:

  • NMN offers a well-researched path to NAD+ enhancement, supported by extensive human trials and a documented safety profile.
  • NMNH may provide faster NAD+ increases by bypassing certain enzymatic steps, though human studies are still pending.
  • Both compounds aim to restore declining NAD+ levels, but they differ in stability, absorption mechanisms, and current scientific validation.
  • Molecular structure sets them apart—NMNH carries an extra hydrogen molecule that alters its biological processing.

What’s the Difference Between NMN and NMNH?

An image of a matured woman taking supplement

NMN and NMNH take different paths to reach the same destination: higher NAD+ levels in your body. Let’s look at what sets these two compounds apart and why these differences matter for your health.

Molecular Structure

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a direct precursor to NAD+. It consists of a nicotinamide moiety attached to ribose and a phosphate group, forming a nucleotide that the body can use to synthesize NAD+1. Meanwhile, NMNH (dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide) is the reduced form of NMN, carrying an extra hydrogen on the nicotinamide ring.2

This additional hydrogen changes certain properties, which can lead to more robust or faster NAD+ increases in some studies. However, contrary to earlier assumptions that NMNH might be “more stable” in the digestive tract, research indicates NMNH is actually less stable than NMN at neutral pH.3

Metabolic Pathways

NMN can become NAD+ through two major routes. First, the salvage pathway, where nicotinamide (NAM) is converted into NMN by NAMPT and then NMN is turned into NAD+ by NMNAT4. Second, the de novo pathway generating NAD+ from tryptophan or niacin produces NaMN and other intermediates rather than directly synthesizing NMN from scratch5. Most NMN used in cells arises from recycling NAM, making the salvage pathway the predominant and more energy-efficient route.

NMNH appears to follow a simpler, faster route. It bypasses enzymes such as NAMPT and NRK, continuing instead through NMNAT-related steps that can directly lead to NAD+ and NADH. This streamlined path may underlie reports of faster or higher NAD+ increases, as fewer conversion steps are required to boost intracellular NAD+ and NADH levels.6

Absorption and Bioavailability

One of the key factors in assessing the effectiveness of a supplement is its absorption and bioavailability. NMN has been shown to be absorbed through the gut7 and into the bloodstream, but its bioavailability can be influenced by various factors such as gut health, digestive enzymes, and the presence of other nutrients. While some research suggests that NMN may be degraded in the gut before absorption, recent studies have demonstrated that orally administered NMN can lead to increased NAD+ levels in various tissues, indicating successful absorption and utilization8.

Meanwhile, NMNH has demonstrated a higher potency in elevating NAD⁺ levels in vitro and in animal models, potentially through bypassing certain rate-limiting steps that NMN must undergo9. However, there are currently no published human clinical trials investigating NMNH. Since the enhanced effects observed in preclinical studies have not yet been confirmed in humans, it remains speculative whether NMNH will provide more rapid or extensive NAD+ boosts in real-world use. Until more human data become available, NMNH’s practical advantages over NMN should be interpreted with caution.

Research Status

While NMN has been well-researched over the past few years, NMNH is still in the early stages of study. We know NMN boosts NAD+ levels, supports mitochondrial function, and benefits overall health, but there’s not enough research on NMNH yet to fully grasp its potential.

NMN has been widely studied and has shown promising results in various areas of health, including anti-aging, metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function. Studies on animals and humans alike have demonstrated NMN’s ability to increase NAD+ levels and support mitochondrial health.10

Benefits of NMN and NMNH Compared

An image of a strong matured woman benefiting from NMN and NMNH

NMN and NAD+ have become household names in the world of cellular health and longevity. While these molecules have revolutionized how we approach energy production and aging at the cellular level, breakthrough research on NMNH is pushing the boundaries even further.

As we’ve seen, NMN and its reduced form, NMNH, are both NAD+ precursors with potential health benefits. However, early research points to NMNH being a more potent enhancer of NAD+ levels compared to NMN.

NMN Benefits

  • NAD+ Restoration: Clinical studies show NMN can increase NAD+ levels, which decline with age, by about 40% within 30 days11. NMN’s ability to boost NAD+ has been shown to offset age-related diseases and improve vascular function, cognitive performance, and oocyte quality in aged models.12
  • Gut Health: Long-term NMN treatment can modulate gut microbiota, increasing beneficial bacteria and reducing harmful ones, which may enhance intestinal barrier function13.
  • Heart Health: NMN supplementation has been shown to decrease oxidative stress in heart tissue, lower inflammation in the cardiovascular system, and protect against DNA damage in heart cells14.
  • Anti-Aging Effects: NMN supplementation has been linked to anti-aging effects15, including improved vascular function and reduced oxidative stress, through mechanisms involving sirtuin activation.

NMNH Benefits

  • Potentially Superior NAD+ Enhancement: NMNH may increase NAD+ levels16 more effectively and rapidly than NMN or NR, through a different metabolic pathway.
  • Metabolic Effects: NMNH suppresses glycolysis and the TCA cycle, and induces cell cycle arrest, which may have implications for cell growth regulation17.
  • Tissue Protection: NMNH has shown potential in reducing damage and accelerating repair in renal cells under stress conditions18.

While both NMN and NMNH are beneficial as NAD+ precursors, early NMNH research suggests it may be more efficient in raising NAD+ levels and has unique metabolic effects that may offer additional therapeutic benefits. NMN, however, has broader documented benefits in age-related health improvements and gut health. Further research is needed to fully understand the distinct and overlapping benefits of these compounds.

Potential Risks of NMNH and NMN

An image of a matured woman with flushing or warmth in the skin

NMN has been studied extensively in both animal and human trials, and so far, it has shown a strong safety profile19. Most users tolerate NMN well, even at higher doses20. Some people, however, report mild side effects that are generally rare and short-lived, such as:

  • Temporary flushing or warmth in the skin
  • Skin problems like itching and sweating
  • Mild to moderate headaches
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue and lethargy
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Mild gastrointestinal issues

NMNH is a newer compound, and research into its safety is still in the early stages. While preliminary studies haven’t flagged adverse effects, the lack of data means the potential side effects remain uncertain. The structural differences between NMN and NMNH could lead to unique interactions in the body, but until more human trials are conducted, we don’t have enough information to draw firm conclusions.

NMN vs NMNH: Which is Right For You?

An image of a matured men and women exercising

NMN stands as the gold standard for NAD+ enhancement. Its extensive research background and established safety profile make it the clear choice for those seeking evidence-based supplementation.

NMNH represents the cutting edge—promising but unproven. While preliminary data suggest potential advantages in NAD+ biosynthesis, the limited research makes it better suited for those comfortable with scientific uncertainty.

Most healthcare professionals align with the data: NMN’s documented safety and efficacy outweigh NMNH’s theoretical benefits.

For optimal results, consider our clinically-validated NAD powder supplement Vitality NAD+ Booster—a patent-pending formula combining NMN with synergistic compounds that maximize cellular energy production.

If you prefer simplicity, Pure NMN offers >99.5% purity at a more accessible price point. Both options deliver measurable NAD+ increases, verified through our Intracellular NAD® Test.

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Reference Sources:

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10240123/ ↩︎
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33793246/ ↩︎
  3. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.366427v2.full ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11205942/ ↩︎
  5. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-00311-7 ↩︎
  6. https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1096/fj.202001826R ↩︎
  7. https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/14/6/341 ↩︎
  8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238909/ ↩︎
  9. https://researchinformation.amsterdamumc.org/en/publications/reduced-nicotinamide-mononucleotide-is-a-new-and-potent-nad-precu ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6565489/ ↩︎
  11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238909/ ↩︎
  12. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.00246/full ↩︎
  13. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.714604/full ↩︎
  14. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11394709/ ↩︎
  15. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11357-019-00095-x ↩︎
  16. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c01037 ↩︎
  17. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c01037 ↩︎
  18. https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1096/fj.202001826R ↩︎
  19. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-022-00084-z ↩︎
  20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/ ↩︎

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