Author: Jinfiniti Science

A tub of Jinfiniti Creatine on a well-lit kitchen counter

Creatine Confusion: How to Choose the Best Form and Type

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 28, 2025. Posted in Creatine. No Comments on Creatine Confusion: How to Choose the Best Form and Type

The supplement aisle is filled with countless creatine products—powders, pills, liquids, and formulas with scientific names.

This wide selection exists even though basic creatine monohydrate is one of the most researched supplements, with clear benefits for strength, muscle growth, and athletic performance.

Why so many options? Simple: marketing. The supplement industry thrives on creating “new and improved” formulations that promise better results but often deliver little beyond a higher price tag.

This guide cuts through the confusion to examine various creatine supplement forms, what research actually shows about how well they work, and how to pick the right one for your goals.

We’ll cover the real benefits of creatine while helping you avoid wasting money on unproven formulations.

Key Takeaways

Creatine monohydrate is backed by 1000+ studies and consistently outperforms newer, more expensive forms
You’ll pay 10-15 times more for alternative creatine types with no extra benefits
Creatine supplementation leads to notable increases in muscle mass, strength, and athletic performance
Quality matters: look for 99.5%+ purity and third-party certification when choosing a supplement

What Is Creatine and Why Does It Matter?

Creatine is a natural compound your body makes from three amino acids: glycine, arginine, and methionine. Your organs produce about 1 gram daily, and you get more from foods like red meat and seafood. A small 4-ounce steak provides roughly 1 gram. ¹

Your body stores about 120-140 grams of creatine, with 95% in your skeletal muscles. ² Inside muscle cells, creatine becomes phosphocreatine and acts like a backup battery for quick energy bursts. ³

During short, intense exercise (1-10 seconds), your muscles use up ATP (your body’s energy currency). Creatine helps regenerate ATP which can help you push harder when doing intense workouts like weightlifting or sprinting.

Research in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research shows creatine supplements increase strength, power, and muscle mass without adding body fat. ⁴

Meta-analyses have also shown that creatine, regardless of dosing strategy, enhances lean tissue mass and strength compared to placebo. ⁵

Bottom line: If you want more power, better performance, and faster recovery, creatine is worth considering.

Types of Creatine at a Glance

The supplement market is packed with different types of creatine, all claiming to be the best. Let’s break down the main ones and what makes them different:

The most researched and widely used form, creatine monohydrate consistently proves effective for strength, power, and muscle growth.

Creatine HCl bonds creatine with hydrochloric acid, claiming enhanced solubility that requires smaller doses (750mg vs 5g of monohydrate) for supposedly equal benefits.

Creatine ATP powder combines creatine monohydrate and disodium ATP to potentially enhance athletic performance and muscle energy production.

Buffered creatine (like Kre-Alkalyn) has a higher pH level that supposedly improves stability and absorption by preventing breakdown in stomach acid.

Creatine ethyl ester (CEE) claims enhanced bioavailability through better cell membrane penetration, supposedly eliminating loading phase requirements and reducing water retention.

These premixed options claim convenience but have stability issues, as creatine degrades in liquid over time.

Creatine anhydrous offers slightly more creatine per gram than monohydrate by removing water molecules, but shows no proven performance advantages despite its higher concentration.

Micronized creatine features particles up to 20 times smaller than standard monohydrate, improving solubility and potentially reducing digestive discomfort.

Creatine is sometimes sold bound with chelates like magensium, nitrate, malic acid and citric acid.

Creatine Monohydrate: The Gold Standard

With over 30 years of research, creatine monohydrate stands as the most trusted form for both results and safety. Scientists have tested it in more than 1,000 peer-reviewed studies, making it the benchmark all other forms are measured against.

Real Performance Results

Taking creatine monohydrate delivers improvements you can actually see and feel:

5-15% increase in maximum strength (measured by 1RM tests) ⁶

8% better power output during repeated sprints ⁷

1-2 kg more lean muscle gained during 7-52 weeks of weight training ⁸

These benefits directly boost athletic performance, often giving you results that training alone can’t match in the same time period.

Unmatched Cost-Effectiveness

Beyond superior evidence, creatine monohydrate delivers exceptional value compared to other forms:

Creatine Form	Average Cost Per Daily Dose	Cost Per Month
Monohydrate	$0.05-0.10	$1.50-3.00
HCl	$0.50-1.00	$15.00-30.00
Kre-Alkalyn	$0.70-1.20	$21.00-36.00
Ethyl Ester	$0.80-1.50	$24.00-45.00

This 10-15x price gap stands out even more considering no other form has consistently outperformed monohydrate in controlled studies.

Creatine Hydrochloride and Alternative Forms

New creatine forms constantly emerge in the supplement market, each supposedly better than monohydrate. While these variants have unique chemical compositions, research typically doesn’t support claims of improved performance benefits.

Creatine HCl: Solubility Claims vs. Clinical Reality

Creatine HCL combines creatine with hydrochloric acid to improve solubility and absorption. Some claim this form works with smaller doses (usually 750mg instead of the 5g needed for monohydrate) while providing the same benefits.

But what does the research say?

A study published in Heliyon showed that while creatine HCl does break down properly in the body, it doesn’t absorb better or work more effectively at lower doses compared to creatine monohydrate. ⁹

Another study found that creatine hydrochloride dissolves 38 times better in water than creatine monohydrate. Despite this advantage, your body doesn’t actually absorb or use it any better. ¹⁰

At the end of the day, once it hits your digestive system, HCl breaks down into the same creatine as monohydrate, making its solubility advantage mostly irrelevant.

Creatine ATP (Disodium ATP Complex)

Creatine ATP powder mixes standard creatine monohydrate with disodium adenosine triphosphate. This combination works through two different energy pathways to boost your performance. It increases phosphocreatine reserves while also providing ready-to-use ATP.

What to know about Creatine ATP:

Shows promise for building more strength and muscle thickness than regular creatine

Helps improve blood flow during exercise, which may enhance nutrient delivery

Standard dose is 3-5g creatine with 400mg disodium ATP each day

Research points to combined benefits, with one study showing better strength and muscle gains compared to placebo ¹¹

Buffered Creatine (Kre-Alkalyn): Stability Claims Examined

Buffered creatine, like Kre-Alkalyn, includes alkaline compounds to supposedly prevent stomach acid from breaking down. With a pH above 12, manufacturers claim it:

Converts less to creatinine (a waste by-product)

Works at lower doses due to higher potency

Stays more stable during digestion

But do these claims hold up?

A comparative study in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition found that no significant difference was found in muscle creatine content between Kre-Alkalyn and CrM. ¹² In fact, creatine monohydrate showed a trend toward higher increases in muscle creatine compared to the lower-dose Kre-Alkalyn group.

Once ingested, buffered creatine doesn’t provide any measurable advantage over standard monohydrate in terms of effectiveness or safety.

Creatine Ethyl Ester: Cellular Uptake Evidence

Creatine ethyl ester (CEE) was designed to be more fat-soluble. Theoretically, this should make it easier to cross cell membranes without relying on creatine transport proteins.

Marketing claims include:

Superior muscle absorption due to enhanced membrane permeability

Lower effective dosage requirements

Reduced extracellular water retention

However, scientific research has disproven these claims.

Research shows creatine ethyl ester doesn’t increase muscle creatine levels as effectively as creatine monohydrate. CEE breaks down into creatinine more quickly, making it less effective than monohydrate for both muscle creatine retention and performance gains. ¹³

Liquid and Effervescent Forms: Stability Challenges

Pre-mixed liquid creatine and effervescent tablets may be convenient, but they come with key drawbacks:

Creatine Breakdown: In liquid form, creatine slowly degrades into creatinine, especially at room temperature—studies show 90% degradation after 45 days. ¹⁴

Low Concentration: Creatine’s limited solubility means these products require large liquid volumes for an effective dose.

Stability Issues: Manufacturers must add stabilizers (often undisclosed) to slow degradation, adding uncertainty to product consistency.

For effervescent products, the acidic ingredients that create the fizz can speed up creatine breakdown before you even take it. While these products improve solubility, they don’t solve the core issue—creatine’s instability in liquid form.

Creatine Chelates

Creatine nitrate attaches nitrate molecules to creatine, possibly boosting nitric oxide levels alongside creatine’s standard benefits. This might improve blood flow and muscle pumps, though research showing clear advantages over regular creatine monohydrate is still lacking.

Creatine magnesium chelate combines creatine with magnesium to potentially enhance absorption while supporting muscle function and hydration. Some users believe this form delivers better strength gains with less water retention, though scientific evidence for these claims remains limited.

Other chelate forms like creatine citrate and creatine malate are also lacking clinical evidence for superior efficacy.

Choosing the Best Creatine Supplement

An image of a woman choosing supplements

Quality creatine makes all the difference. Here’s what matters when selecting a supplement:

Quality Indicators

Purity: 99.5%+ pure to avoid fillers and contaminants

Verification: Look for NSF, Informed-Choice, or USP certification

Manufacturing: GMP-certified facilities ensure consistency

Transparency: Check for available lab reports and clear ingredient lists

Origin: Products from USA, Germany, or Japan typically meet higher standards

The Right Form for You

While creatine monohydrate is consistently the best option for nearly everyone, consider:

For sensitive digestion: Try micronized monohydrate first, buffered creatine as backup

For budget concerns: Standard monohydrate powder offers best value

For specific goals: All athletes benefit from monohydrate, varying only loading protocols

Creatine monohydrate remains the gold standard, delivering the optimal balance of effectiveness, safety, and value regardless of your specific needs.

Tips for Safely Using Creatine

Creatine is a safe supplement with solid research behind it, but many people still struggle with how to use it properly.

Our creatine starter guide walks you through the basics of dosing, timing, and managing potential side effects so you can get the most benefit with minimal discomfort.

Managing Digestive Comfort

Divide doses throughout the day instead of taking all at once

Take with food to slow digestion and prevent gut discomfort

Mix thoroughly and let sit briefly for complete dissolution

Start with small doses (1-2g) and gradually increase

Consider micronized forms for better dissolution and gentler digestion

Safety Facts

Creatine doesn’t harm kidneys or liver in healthy individuals using recommended doses, nor does it negatively impact hormones. Those with kidney disease should always consult a doctor first.

Water and Weight

Creatine draws water into muscles (not under skin), causing a 2-4 pound initial weight gain that enhances performance. To avoid potential bloating, stay hydrated with 2-3 liters of water daily.

Dosing Guidelines

Loading Phase (Optional):

Under 150 lbs: 15-18g daily (divided doses)

150-200 lbs: 20g daily (divided doses)

Over 200 lbs: 25g daily (divided doses)

Maintenance Phase:

Under 150 lbs: 3g daily

150-200 lbs: 5g daily

Over 200 lbs: 5-7g daily

Adjust based on training intensity—higher for intense training, lower for light activity.

Improve Absorption: Take with fast-digesting carbs (30-80g) and a pinch of salt to enhance uptake and effectiveness.

Creatine for Different Populations

Creatine benefits extend beyond young male athletes to various groups with unique considerations.

Weight-Class Athletes

Weight-class competitors can strategically use creatine while managing water retention:

Use gradual loading (3-5g daily) instead of standard loading protocols

Supplement during off-season training periods

Stop 2-3 weeks before weigh-ins

Implement appropriate water management strategies

Benefits persist 4-6 weeks after discontinuation, allowing performance advantages without competition weight impacts.

Vegetarians and Vegans

Plant-based diets typically result in 10-20% lower muscle creatine stores, making supplementation particularly valuable. Vegetarians and vegans often experience more significant improvements in:

Muscle creatine concentration

Performance metrics

Cognitive function

Older Adults

Creatine helps counter age-related declines in:

Muscle function: Enhances strength retention and lean mass when combined with resistance training

Brain health: Creatine may have nootropic benefits, supporting memory recall, recognition, and overall cognitive performance

Medical Considerations

Consult a healthcare provider before using creatine if you have:

Kidney disorders or take kidney-affecting medications

History of kidney stones, diabetes, liver issues, or hypertension

Potential medication interactions (especially with pain relievers or stimulants)

Pregnancy, nursing, pediatric needs, or heart conditions

While generally safe for healthy individuals, those with specific medical conditions should seek professional guidance.

The Final Scoop: What’s the Best Type of Creatine?

Decades of research make it clear—creatine monohydrate remains the best form of creatine. It consistently outperforms alternative forms through:

Unmatched research validation with 1,000+ peer-reviewed studies

Equal or superior performance outcomes in direct comparison studies

Complete muscle saturation despite claims of enhanced absorption by newer forms

Excellent safety profile with minimal side effects

Superior cost-effectiveness at 10-15 times less costly than “advanced” formulations

Creatine monohydrate remains the gold standard, but new products like Jinfiniti’s Creatine ATP offer athletes a promising alternative.

This innovative formulation combines creatine monohydrate with disodium ATP, potentially enhancing strength and muscle thickness beyond standard creatine while improving blood flow to working muscles.

While the supplement industry often creates solutions for non-existent problems, some formulations like Creatine ATP represent science-backed advancements worth considering alongside traditional monohydrate.

In the end, you can’t go wrong with monohydrate, but you may want to choose based on your specific goals, training intensity, and performance needs.

Referenced Sources:

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10 Ways to Increase Your NAD+ Levels

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 26, 2025. Posted in NAD+, Longevity, NAD, NAD+ Precursors, Nutrition. No Comments on 10 Ways to Increase Your NAD+ Levels

Aging isn’t only about getting older. It’s also about your cells running out of key resources.

One of these resources is NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a molecule that powers cellular energy production and DNA repair processes. As we age, our NAD+ levels can decrease by up to 50%, which accelerates age-related health issues.

But there’s good news. Science has found ways to increase NAD+ levels.

This complete guide gives you 10 simple, research-backed strategies to boost your NAD+ and and keep your body resilient as you age.

Why NAD+ Matters

Powers cellular energy production and DNA repair
Decreases by up to 50% with age, accelerating health issues
Supports mitochondria, gene activity, and cell communication
Low levels linked to cognitive decline, metabolic disorders, and muscle loss

10 Evidence-Based Ways to Boost NAD+ Levels

Exercise Regularly
- HIIT workouts (2-3x weekly)
- Strength training (3x weekly)
- Aerobic exercise (30-45 min, 4-5x weekly)
Optimize Diet
- Foods rich in B3: Milk, fish, turkey, mushrooms
- Tryptophan sources: Eggs, nuts, chicken
- Polyphenols: Red grapes, blueberries, dark chocolate
Practice Fasting
- 16:8 pattern (eat within 8-hour window)
- 5:2 pattern (reduce calories 2 days/week)
- Monthly prolonged fasting (48+ hours)
NAD+ Precursor Supplements
- NMN: 300-900mg daily
- Nicotinamide Riboside: 250-1000mg daily
- Niacin: Consult healthcare provider for dosage
Manage Stress
- Mindfulness meditation
- Deep breathing exercises
- Regular social connections
Use Temperature Therapy
- Sauna: 15-20 minutes at 170-190°F
- Cold exposure: 1-3 minute cold showers
Consider Ketogenic Diet
- Short ketogenic periods (1-2 weeks quarterly)
- Cyclical approach (5 keto days, 2 moderate carb days)
Prioritize Sleep
- Keep regular sleep schedule
- Morning sunlight exposure
- Reduce evening blue light
Reduce Alcohol Consumption
- Limit or avoid alcohol to preserve NAD+
Practice Sun Safety
- Use SPF 30+ zinc oxide sunscreen
- Wear protective clothing
- Avoid peak sun hours

Always consult with a healthcare professional before making significant lifestyle or supplement changes.

What is NAD+ and Why Does it Matter?

NAD+ serves as the critical energy currency for your cells. It’s a molecule that powers virtually all the metabolic processes throughout your body.

Your cells use NAD+ to:

Power mitochondria, your cellular energy generators
Repair DNA damage before mutations can form
Control gene activity through sirtuins, proteins associated with longer life
Direct stress responses that defend cells
Maintain communication between cells and organs

As we age, our bodies experience a steady drop in cellular and tissue NAD+ levels. This drop in NAD+ is directly connected to many diseases associated with aging, such as cognitive decline, cancer, metabolic disorders, muscle loss (sarcopenia), and overall frailty¹.

What Causes NAD+ Levels to Drop?

NAD+ levels naturally decrease with age, but certain lifestyle habits significantly increase the demand for it, speeding up its depletion:

Aging: This is the primary driver. As years pass, our bodies naturally become less efficient at producing and recycling NAD+.
Alcohol: Your body needs NAD+ to process alcohol, leaving less available for normal repairs. Even a few drinks can temporarily reduce your NAD+ levels.
Overeating: When you consume excess calories, your body uses more NAD+ for metabolism.
Chronic stress: When you’re stressed for long periods, your body activates repair systems that use up NAD+ to fix DNA damage.
Poor sleep: Poor sleep disrupts your body’s natural daily cycles that regulate NAD+.
UV exposure: Excessive sunlight exposure damages skin cells, triggering repair processes that consume lots of NAD+.
Inflammatory diets: Processed foods, refined sugars, and certain cooking oils can cause inflammation and cell damage, using up NAD+ during repairs.

Being aware of these factors can help you make changes to maintain your body’s natural NAD+ production.

10 Ways to Increase Your Body’s NAD+ Levels

Here are ten science-backed ways to increase NAD levels, combining natural approaches with effective dietary supplements.

NAD+ Boosting Methods

How to Boost NAD+ Levels

Exercise & Activity

HIIT workouts boost NAD+ production by up to 30%
Strength training preserves muscle mass where NAD+ is stored
Regular moderate activity maintains healthy baseline NAD+ levels

Implementation Tips

Start with 2-3 short HIIT sessions weekly (20-30 min), combined with 2-3 strength training sessions. Even 30 minutes of daily walking can significantly improve NAD+ metabolism.

Exercise increases NAD+ through multiple pathways. Physical activity increases expression of NAMPT, the rate-limiting enzyme in NAD+ production. Research in Cell Metabolism showed that endurance exercise specifically activates the SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway, enhancing mitochondrial function through increased NAD+/NADH ratio.

Nutritional Approaches

Intermittent fasting increases NAD+ by activating AMPK
B3-rich foods provide direct NAD+ precursors
Polyphenols from berries and grapes protect existing NAD+
Ketogenic diets improve the NAD+/NADH ratio

Implementation Tips

Try starting with a 16:8 fasting window (16 hours fasting, 8 hours eating). Incorporate foods like turkey, mushrooms, salmon, and green leafy vegetables. For polyphenols, add blueberries, red grapes, and green tea to your daily routine.

Fasting activates the cellular energy sensor AMPK, which increases NAD+ biosynthesis. A 2019 study in Cell Metabolism demonstrated that caloric restriction increases NAD+ levels in multiple tissues and enhances sirtuin activity, particularly SIRT3, which is associated with longevity benefits.

NAD+ Precursor Supplements

NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide): 300-900mg daily
NR (Nicotinamide Riboside): 250-1000mg daily
Niacin (Vitamin B3): Effective but may cause flushing
Supporting supplements: Resveratrol, Quercetin, TMG

Implementation Tips

NMN and NR are most effective when taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Starting with lower doses and gradually increasing can help minimize potential side effects like mild digestive discomfort.

Clinical trials show both NMN and NR effectively raise blood NAD+ levels. A 2022 study in Science found that NMN supplementation improved muscle insulin sensitivity and increased NAD+ levels in skeletal muscle. Resveratrol acts as a SIRT1 activator, while quercetin inhibits CD38, an enzyme that consumes NAD+.

Temperature Therapies & Sleep

Sauna use activates heat shock proteins that increase NAD+
Cold exposure stimulates brown fat and NAMPT enzyme
Quality sleep preserves the circadian rhythm of NAD+ production
Sun protection prevents UV-induced NAD+ depletion

Implementation Tips

Start with 2-3 sauna sessions weekly (10-20 minutes) or try 30-second cold showers after warm ones. Prioritize consistent sleep/wake times, morning sunlight exposure, and reduce blue light 2 hours before bedtime.

Heat stress induces NAMPT expression through HSF1 activation. Research in Cell Reports demonstrated that regular sauna use increases NAD+ levels by approximately 20% through these pathways. Cold exposure activates brown adipose tissue, which has high mitochondrial density and NAD+ turnover. The circadian rhythm governs NAMPT expression, with disrupted sleep directly impacting NAD+ synthesis.

Important Note: Before making significant changes to your diet, exercise routine, or adding supplements, always consult with a healthcare professional. They can help you create a safe and effective plan tailored to your individual needs, supporting your cellular health and longevity journey.

1. Exercise Regularly

Exercise is one of the most powerful natural ways to boost NAD+ levels.

HIIT workouts are especially good at boosting NAD+ levels². Regular moderate activities like walking, biking, or swimming also help maintain healthy NAD+ levels³.

Your muscles store large amounts of NAD+, so strength training is helpful. Studies show aerobic exercise is approximately 9% more effective at increasing NAMPT⁴, which is the key enzyme that produces NAD+.

For maximum NAD+ benefits, try:

Strength training: 3 times weekly
Aerobic exercise: 30-45 minutes, 4-5 times weekly
HIIT: 20-30 minutes, 2-3 times weekly
Regular movement throughout each day

Remember that consistency is more important than intensity. Regular moderate exercise gives better long term NAD+ support than occasional hard workouts.

2. Focus on Diet and Nutrition

Several foods can increase NAD+ metabolism by providing building blocks and supporting its production:

Vitamin B3 Sources: Foods rich in B3 (niacin, niacinamide, or nicotinamide riboside) directly support NAD+ production. These include milk, fish, turkey, mushrooms, green vegetables, and whole grains.
Tryptophan-Rich Foods: Tryptophan can be converted to NAD+ in the body. Good sources include milk, turkey, fish, eggs, and nuts.
Polyphenol Foods: Resveratrol found in red grapes, blueberries, and dark chocolate activates sirtuins and may increase mitochondrial NAD+⁵. Quercetin in apples, onions, and green tea helps block CD38, an enzyme that uses up NAD+.
Diet Recommendations: Limiting processed foods and refined sugars helps maintain NAD+ levels because high sugar intake increases NAD+ demand. The Mediterranean diet with its fruits, vegetables, healthy fats, and moderate protein appears especially good for NAD+ metabolism as we age.

Infographic showing 5 ways to increase NAD+ levels naturally

3. Practice Fasting and Calorie Restriction

When you eat might matter as much as what you eat for NAD+ levels. Time-restricted eating patterns create metabolic conditions that naturally elevate NAD+ levels.

Fasting activates AMPK, your cellular "starvation sensor," which increases NAD+ by:

Boosting the NAMPT enzyme that recycles NAD+⁶
Shifting metabolism from carbohydrate to fat burning⁷, improving the NAD+/NADH ratio

This change is important because excess NADH can prevent NAD+ enzymes like sirtuins from working properly⁸.

Several fasting methods can boost NAD+ effectively:

16:8 Pattern: Eat all meals within an 8-hour window daily (usually skip breakfast, have a late lunch and early dinner)
5:2 Pattern: Eat normally five days a week while cutting calories by 75% for two non-consecutive days
Prolonged Fasting: Do occasional 48+ hour fasts (typically once a month)

4. Supplement with NAD+ Precursors

Taking NAD+ precursor supplements offers a straightforward way to increase cellular NAD+ levels. This becomes more important as we age since our natural production decreases.

Research strongly supports three main precursors:

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): NMN converts to NAD+ in just one enzyme step. Clinical research found that taking a daily NMN dosage between 300-900mg increased blood NAD+ levels, with 600mg giving the best results⁹. Participants showed better physical performance and improved health without any safety concerns.
Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): NR is a smaller molecule than NMN and enters cells through specific carriers. Human studies have confirmed that NR safely increases NAD+ levels when taken at doses between 250 and 1000mg daily¹⁰.
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid): Niacin is vitamin B3 and the most affordable NAD+ precursor. Research published in Cell Metabolism in 2020 showed that niacin supplements increased blood NAD+ levels up to 8 times¹¹, potentially helping conditions linked to low NAD+.

Always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.

5. Manage Daily Stress

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Chronic stress increases body inflammation, which quickly depletes NAD+. During inflammatory responses, immune cells produce more CD38, an enzyme that breaks down NAD+¹².

Stress hormones like cortisol also alter metabolic pathways, disrupting the balance between NAD+ production and consumption.

Stress management techniques help maintain NAD+ levels:

Mindfulness meditation reduces inflammation markers connected to NAD+ depletion
Deep breathing exercises activate the "rest-and-digest" nervous system, lowering stress hormone production
Social connections reduce biological stress markers that deplete NAD+
Time outdoors lowers stress hormones and inflammation markers

6. Use Saunas and Cold Therapy

Heat and cold exposure can raise NAD+ levels through specific processes in your cells.

When you take a sauna, the high temperature activates special heat shock proteins that repair cell damage. These proteins trigger enzymes that produce NAD+ directly¹³ and even protect your heart¹⁴.

Cold exposure works differently. It activates brown fat, a type of fat that burns energy instead of storing it. This process increases NAD+ by stimulating the NAMPT enzyme¹⁵.

For maximum benefits, try:

Traditional sauna sessions (170 to 190°F) for 15 to 20 minutes
Infrared sauna sessions (120 to 140°F) for 20 to 30 minutes
Hot baths (104 to 108°F) for 20 minutes if saunas are not available
Cold showers (50 to 60°F) for 1 to 3 minutes or ice baths (50 to 59°F) for 2 to 5 minutes

7. Try a Ketogenic Diet

Ketogenic diets can increase NAD+ levels through key metabolic changes. These low carb, high fat diets make your body burn fat instead of glucose, producing ketones for fuel.

This metabolic shift increases the NAD+/NADH ratio in your cells¹⁶. When you eat fewer carbs, your body makes less NADH during glycolysis. This leaves more NAD+ available for important cell functions like sirtuin activation and DNA repair.

If you want to try ketogenic approaches for NAD+ benefits without completely changing your diet, consider these options:

Short ketogenic periods (1-2 weeks every three months)
Cyclical ketogenic eating (5 keto days, 2 moderate carb days)
Ketone supplements with lower carb intake

Remember that long term strict ketogenic diets can be difficult for many people. Cyclical approaches might be more sustainable for improving NAD+ levels.

8. Optimize Your Sleep

NAD+ levels rise and fall with sleep patterns, showing a strong relationship between sleep habits and NAD+ function¹⁷.

Sleep allows your body to repair itself, a process that relies heavily on NAD+. Research shows that your circadian rhythm directly influences NAD+ levels¹⁸.

To preserve NAD+ levels and optimize natural rhythms:

Keep regular sleep hours to synchronize NAD+ production
Get sunlight in the morning to reset your body clock that affects NAD+ creation
Reduce blue light exposure at night to protect melatonin and NAD+ cycles
Schedule meals earlier since late night eating disrupts NAD+ metabolism

9. Reduce Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol severely lowers NAD+ levels in your body, particularly when blood alcohol levels are high or during excessive drinking episodes¹⁹. Your body needs NAD+ to process alcohol, which changes it into NADH and disrupts the balance between these important molecules.

When NAD+ levels fall, your cells struggle to produce energy, fix damaged DNA, regulate genes, and combat oxidative stress. This can cause liver problems and other alcohol related health complications.

Limiting or avoiding alcohol helps preserve your body's NAD+ supply, leading to better cellular function and improved health overall.

10. Practice Sun Safety

UV radiation quickly reduces NAD+ levels in skin cells, with noticeable drops just one hour after exposure²⁰. This creates a cellular competition as UV damage activates both NAD+ production and consumption processes at the same time.

Studies show that when protective substances are added after UV exposure, cells can quickly restore NAD+ levels within minutes²¹. This shows how the body can replenish this important molecule with proper support.

To maintain NAD+ levels:

Use quality sunscreen (zinc oxide with SPF 30 or higher is effective)
Wear sun protective clothing
Avoid direct sunlight during peak hours

These basic protective steps help preserve higher NAD+ levels, supporting cellular energy production, DNA repair, and overall health.

Your Blueprint for Boosting NAD+

While NAD+ has promising health benefits, optimizing your body's NAD+ levels isn't about finding a single magic bullet, it's about building a holistic strategy.

While individual actions help, combining positive lifestyle changes often yields the best results. Think of it like this:

Fuel Wisely: Eat a diet rich in NAD+ precursors and consider supplementation.
Move Regularly: Engage in consistent exercise.
Consider Timing: Explore intermittent fasting or caloric restriction (if appropriate for you).
Manage Stress and Sleep: Prioritize effective stress reduction and adequate rest.
Limit Drainers: Reduce alcohol intake and avoid excessive sun exposure.

Even small, consistent efforts in these areas can work together, creating a powerful synergistic effect that enhances NAD+ production and use.

Remember, your ideal approach depends on factors like your age (as NAD+ naturally declines over time), current health, and specific goals. Always consult healthcare professionals before making significant diet, exercise, or supplement changes.

FAQs

Are There Any Side Effects to Increasing NAD+ Levels?

Most NAD+ boosting methods are safe when done correctly. However, potential side effects can include:

Mild digestive discomfort with supplements
Temporary fatigue during initial lifestyle changes
Potential interactions with existing medications

Always consult a healthcare professional, especially if you:

Have pre-existing health conditions
Are taking prescription medications
Have a history of metabolic disorders

Can Young People Benefit from NAD+ Optimization?

Younger individuals typically have higher natural NAD+ levels, so focus on preventative strategies like:

Consistent exercise
Balanced nutrition
Stress management
Adequate sleep

Is There a Way to Test My NAD+ Levels?

Unlike common health markers, NAD+ isn't measured in standard blood tests. Specialized intracellular NAD testing reveals actual cellular NAD+ concentrations, showing whether your supplements and lifestyle changes work.

Jinfiniti's Intracellular NAD Test provides this data, helping optimize your strategy with confidence. Testing before and after starting supplements confirms you're getting results from your investment.

Can I Overdo NAD+ Boosting?

Like many biological processes, NAD+ follows a principle of balance:

Potential risks of excessive NAD+ boosting:

Metabolic imbalances
Potential interference with natural cellular processes
Unnecessary financial strain from over-supplementation

Recommended approach:

Start with lifestyle modifications
Introduce supplements gradually
Test your NAD+ levels periodically
Monitor your body's response
Work with a healthcare professional to find your optimal strategy

What Other Supplements Might Support NAD levels?

Beyond the main NAD+ boosters, these supplements may help support NAD+ levels in your body:

Resveratrol: Found in red grapes, resveratrol activates SIRT1, an enzyme powered by NAD+. Taking 100-500mg daily may help your body use NAD+ more efficiently.
Quercetin: This plant compound blocks CD38, which normally breaks down NAD+. Taking 500-1000mg daily might help preserve your NAD+ levels.
Apigenin: Present in parsley and chamomile tea, this blocks PARP1 (an enzyme that depletes NAD+). A typical dose is 50-100mg daily.
TMG: When taking NAD+ precursors, methylation pathways can become unbalanced. TMG (500-1000mg daily) helps maintain this balance.
Zinc: NAD+ production requires zinc. Since many adults have low zinc levels, adding 15-30mg daily can support NAD+ synthesis.

As always, consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplements.

Does Gut Health Impact NAD+?

An interesting finding from 2024 research shows gut bacteria may play a role in how our bodies process NAD+²². Basically, when you take NAD+ supplements orally, they undergo major changes through the gut microbiome.

For those taking NAD+ boosting supplements, these findings suggest that focusing on improving gut health might help maximize benefits.

Referenced Sources

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Creatine After 40: Safety and Best Options for Older Adults

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 24, 2025. Posted in Supplements, Creatine, Nutrition. No Comments on Creatine After 40: Safety and Best Options for Older Adults

Once thought to be just for young athletes and bodybuilders, creatine supplements are now gaining attention for their benefits in older adults.

Did you know that muscle strength drops by 16% to 40% after age 40? This age-related muscle loss, or “sarcopenia,” can affect your strength during daily activities. ¹

Recent studies show creatine can help combat age-related muscle loss, decreasing bone density, and even cognitive decline.

This review examines the evidence for creatine use in adults over 40, including safety information, documented benefits, how much to take, and which forms work best for aging individuals.

Key Takeaways

As we age past 30, our natural creatine levels drop about 8% each decade, making supplements especially helpful for adults over 40.
Studies show creatine supplements can fight age-related muscle loss, boost strength by roughly 10% after just one month, and improve bone density when paired with resistance training.
Beyond physical benefits, creatine may support brain function, improving memory and cognitive performance in aging adults.
Creatine monohydrate has the most research behind it and is the recommended form for seniors, with a proven safety record even with long-term use.
Older adults can either start with a loading phase (20g daily for 5-7 days) then drop to a maintenance dose (3-5g daily) or simply take about 4g every day without loading.

Why Creatine Matters After 40: The Science

An image of a woman suffering from headache

After 40, your body changes in important ways – creatine levels drop, muscles shrink, bones weaken, and strength fades. These changes lead to sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss), increasing your risk of falls and fractures.

Creatine works as your body’s power generator by helping produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a major source of cellular energy. As a natural molecule similar to amino acids, creatine is vital to your energy system, which becomes increasingly important with age.

Studies show muscle creatine drops roughly 8% every decade after 30, especially if you’re less active. ²

Brain creatine also declines at a similar rate. ³ Since your brain depends on ATP for memory and thinking, maintaining brain creatine becomes essential for cognitive health.

Taking creatine supplements can rebuild these important stores beyond natural levels, supporting both physical and mental function. Vegetarians, who typically have lower creatine levels, may benefit even more.

Benefits of Creatine for Aging Adults

Creatine supplements offer several evidence-backed benefits for older adults that go beyond its well-known effects for athletes.

Muscle Mass and Strength

Taking creatine helps older adults maintain and build muscle, especially when combined with strength training. Studies show adults aged 55-71 can gain about 1.33 kg of lean muscle and improve both upper and lower body strength. ⁴

Even without exercise, creatine can increase body mass, fight fatigue, and make daily activities easier. ⁵ The benefits for leg strength are especially valuable since these muscles tend to weaken more dramatically as we age.

Bone Support

When combined with strength training, creatine helps maintain bone health. Research shows it can help prevent age-related bone loss by reducing bone breakdown.

One study found older men taking creatine during strength training had 27% less bone breakdown, while those taking a placebo saw a 13% increase. ⁶ Creatine seems to work by boosting bone-forming cells while slowing bone breakdown.

Brain Function

Recent studies suggest creatine may help maintain brain function in aging adults. Research shows improvements in memory, recall, and problem-solving, possibly with stronger effects in women. ⁷

Creatine seems especially helpful for cognitive processes affected by either sleep deprivation or natural aging. ⁸ While we know creatine plays a role in brain energy metabolism, research on its protection against cognitive decline is still ongoing.

Heart Health

A 2024 pilot study found that creatine improved blood vessel function in older adults after just four weeks. ⁹ Participants showed better blood flow, improved microvascular function, and lower blood sugar and fat levels.

These early findings suggest creatine may benefit cardiovascular health, though more research is needed.

Reduced Inflammation

Creatine has antioxidant properties and may reduce inflammation in aging adults. This matters because aging typically involves increased oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflammation, which contribute to many age-related diseases.

One study found that combining strength training with creatine significantly decreased oxidative stress markers while increasing antioxidant capacity after 10 weeks. ¹⁰

Safety Profile: What the Research Shows

An image of a woman consulting to the doctor

Is creatine safe for older adults? Research says yes. Multiple studies show creatine monohydrate is safe for long-term use when taken as directed. ¹¹

Despite common myths, science doesn’t support claims that creatine damages kidneys or acts like steroids. One study found that creatine supplementation was “devoid of any kidney or liver adverse effects.” ¹² This is good news for seniors concerned about how supplements might affect their organs.

Scientists describe creatine as an “inexpensive and safe dietary supplement that has both peripheral and central effects.” ¹³ Though companies marketed it mostly to men, studies confirm that creatine supplementation poses no risk of adverse effects in women, making it reliable for female users too. ¹⁴

Some users do experience minor issues. A 2024 study on vascular function found stomach discomfort was the most common side effect, matching results from another research. ¹⁵

Creatine Dosing Strategies by Age Group

Research has identified several effective creatine protocols for older adults:

Loading Phase: High doses (20g/day for 5-7 days) then lower doses (3-5g/day) to quickly fill muscle creatine stores.

Daily Maintenance: Taking a steady dose without loading. Research shows 4 grams daily can increase strength by approximately 10% after one month.

Weight-Based Dosing: Calculating doses based on body weight (0.1 g/kg/day) for more precise supplementation.

Research analysis shows that loading followed by maintenance doses (≤5 g/day) improved chest press performance compared to placebo. Higher doses (>5 g/day) significantly improved leg press strength regardless of loading. ¹⁶

For older adults, a recent protocol used 5g four times daily for 5 days, then 5g once daily for 23 days. This approach successfully improved vascular function in this population. ¹⁷

If you’re new to creatine, check out our beginner’s guide to creatine for information on safe supplementation, dosing strategies, timing, and answers to common questions.

Creatine Forms: Making the Right Choice

An image of different forms of supplements

The market offers several forms of creatine, but research consistently points to creatine monohydrate as the most effective and thoroughly studied option. The six main types include:

Creatine Monohydrate: The most researched form with proven safety and results. Still considered the best option, particularly for older adults.

Creatine Ethyl Ester: Marketed for better absorption but lacks strong scientific evidence.

Creatine Hydrochloride: Claimed to dissolve better with fewer stomach problems, though evidence that it works better is limited.

Buffered Creatine: Made to prevent breakdown in stomach acid, but this doesn’t necessarily improve results.

Liquid Creatine: Generally less stable and effective than powder forms.

Creatine Magnesium: Combines creatine with magnesium for potential added benefits.

Despite fancy marketing about newer forms having better absorption or fewer side effects, most scientific studies recommend sticking with creatine monohydrate. The extensive research supporting creatine monohydrate, especially in older adult populations, makes it the most trustworthy choice for people over 40.

Looking for better performance? Our Creatine ATP supplement combines pure creatine monohydrate with disodium ATP. When paired with creatine, disodium ATP can improve your power output and help you recover faster. ¹⁸ This makes it perfect for older adults wanting to get more from their workouts.

Learn more about how creatine and ATP work together to power your workouts.

Creatine FAQs

An image of a hand holding a wooden block

Is creatine beneficial for women over 40?

Creatine supplements can help women over 40 fight age-related muscle loss and boost physical performance. Since women naturally have less creatine in their muscles to begin with, taking supplements may have stronger benefits for their muscle health. ¹⁹

Creatine might also help reduce feelings of fatigue, which is especially helpful during perimenopause and menopause.

Is creatine safe for seniors and the elderly?

Creatine is generally safe for older adults and offers several benefits. It may help fight against sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss) and cachexia, which commonly affect seniors. Research suggests creatine may also protect brain cells from neurodegenerative diseases that become more common as people age.

Will creatine cause water retention or bloating in older adults?

When you start taking creatine supplements, your body might retain some water, though this varies from person to person.

If you’re an older adult worried about water retention, try starting with smaller doses and drink plenty of water to reduce this effect. This retention typically happens inside your muscle cells, not as visible bloating under your skin.

Is creatine supplementation safe for my kidneys if I’m over 60?

Research on healthy adults suggests creatine supplementation does not negatively impact kidney function when taken at recommended doses.

If you have pre-existing kidney issues like CKD or reduced creatinine clearance, check with your doctor before starting creatine. Regular monitoring of kidney function may be prudent for older adults taking creatine.

Is creatine safe with blood pressure medications?

Current evidence doesn’t suggest significant interactions between creatine supplementation and common blood pressure medications.

Since both can affect fluid balance in your body, it’s wise to monitor your response when using them together. Always check with your doctor before combining any supplements with prescription medications, particularly those for heart conditions.

How can I reduce digestive discomfort from creatine?

To reduce digestive discomfort, try taking creatine with meals rather than on an empty stomach. Consider using smaller, divided doses throughout the day instead of one large dose, and ensure you’re consuming adequate water with each dose.

Micronized creatine formulations may also be better tolerated than regular creatine monohydrate for those with sensitive digestive systems.

Is creatine beneficial without resistance training?

Creatine isn’t just for athletes. Even without regular weight training, it may support your brain’s energy metabolism, enhance cognitive performance, and offer neuroprotection in some conditions.

Older adults might find creatine helpful for daily tasks, as it aids muscle energy production during routine activities.

Should vegetarians adjust creatine intake?

Vegetarians and vegans usually have lower creatine stores since their diets lack the animal products that provide this compound.

Research shows that omnivores, vegetarians, and vegans excrete creatine metabolites differently, pointing to varying baseline levels among these groups. ²⁰ As a result, people on plant-based diets might consider regular creatine supplementation to keep their levels at an optimal range.

Referenced Sources:

A woman athlete doing stretches on a boardwalk

NMN for Athletic Performance: What Does Science Say?

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 24, 2025. Posted in NMN, Energy and Fatigue, Mitochondrial Dysfunction.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has become popular in the world of performance supplements, catching the attention of athletes who want to boost their exercise endurance, recovery, and overall performance. But what does scientific research actually say about NMN’s effectiveness beyond all the marketing claims?

This article gives you a straightforward look at what we know about NMN for athletic performance, how it works in the body, and whether it might be worth adding to your training routine. We’ll examine the science and share what research reveals about this interesting molecule.

Key Takeaways

NMN is a building block for NAD+, an essential coenzyme that fuels energy production in cells and decreases as we age, which may affect athletic performance.
Studies indicate NMN could improve endurance capacity, performance during moderate exercise, and recovery between workouts.
Research shows the best results at doses between 600-1200 mg daily, with 600 mg being ideal for most athletes.
While early findings look promising, scientists are still studying NMN’s effects on athletic performance, and it’s not as well-researched as proven supplements like creatine.

NMN’s Role in Energy Production

NMN is a naturally occurring molecule that your body converts into NAD+, an essential coenzyme found in every cell. NAD+ fuels key cellular processes including energy production, DNA repair, gene expression, and stress responses.

You can find small amounts of NMN in foods like milk, cucumbers, and edamame, but these quantities are too small to significantly boost your body’s NAD+ levels. This is why many people, especially athletes, turn to supplements.

NAD+ is particularly valuable for athletes because it powers mitochondria—the energy generators in your cells. As a key component in the electron transport chain, NAD+ helps create ATP, the energy currency your muscles need during exercise.

By supporting mitochondrial function, NAD+ helps your muscles have enough energy for peak performance.

What Studies Show About NMN and Athletic Performance

Several clinical trials have investigated NMN’s effects on various aspects of physical performance, with some promising results.

Image showing woman athlete preparing for a sprint

Aerobic Capacity in Amateur Runners

A six-week study with 48 amateur runners showed NMN supplements significantly improved aerobic capacity.

The study tested three doses (300, 600, and 1200 mg/day) against a placebo and found that oxygen uptake (VO₂), percentages of maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max), and power at ventilatory thresholds improved in the medium and high dose groups¹.

Interestingly, NMN didn’t affect maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max), O₂-pulse, VO₂ related to work rate, or peak power.

This suggests NMN mainly helps with submaximal exercise performance (moderate intensity) rather than peak output – an important point for endurance athletes.

Enhanced Walking Performance

Another clinical trial tested NMN supplements up to 900 mg per day and found that people taking NMN could walk significantly farther during six-minute walking tests than those taking placebo².

This study also showed that NMN supplements increased blood NAD+ levels based on dosage, with 600 mg per day working best.

Systematic Review Findings

A systematic review of 10 randomized controlled trials with 437 participants (average age 58) found that NMN supplements (150-1200 mg daily) improved physical performance³.

While grip strength showed minor improvements (from 29.9 kg to 30.5 kg), most studies found these changes weren’t statistically significant.

Vitality NAD+ Booster promotional CTA - mini version

How NMN Supplements Might Enhance Athletic Performance

Several mechanisms explain how NMN may enhance athletic performance, and understanding these can help us grasp why it might be beneficial for certain types of athletes and training styles.

Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function

Taking NMN helps create new mitochondria through a process called mitochondrial biogenesis. It works by activating SIRT1, which then boosts PGC-1α, the main controller of mitochondrial production.

This leads to more mitochondria in cells, which is crucial for endurance exercises that need aerobic energy. Research published in the journal Nature supports this mechanism of action⁴.

Oxygen Utilization and Endurance

The improvement in aerobic capacity observed in clinical trials appears to come mainly from better oxygen use in skeletal muscles.

NMN helps create new blood vessels (angiogenesis), which increases blood flow and delivers more nutrients to muscles during exercise⁵. This provides muscles with enough oxygen to work efficiently and maintain endurance during long workouts.

Efficient Energy Management

NMN supplements activate enzymes that help with lipolysis⁶, which lets athletes burn fat more efficiently during exercise. This helps save glycogen stores, which are crucial for long-lasting endurance.

This metabolic flexibility especially benefits endurance athletes who need to manage their energy well during extended training or competitions.

Recovery and Anti-inflammatory Effects

NMN supplements may speed up recovery after exercise by helping muscle repair, lowering inflammation, and fighting oxidative damage. Research in mice showed that giving NMN reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines⁷, suggesting it has anti-inflammatory benefits that could help athletes recover faster between workouts.

Exercise vs. NMN: Complementary Effects?

Image of athletic woman stretching with a blue sky background

Research comparing exercise and NMN supplementation shows important interactions athletes should know about.

Both exercise and NMN increase NAD+ levels, but in different tissues. Exercise mainly boosts NAD+ in muscles, while NMN supplementation increases it in both muscles and liver.

Exercise intensity affects NAD+ differently: moderate aerobic exercise increases the NAD+/NADH ratio, while high-intensity workouts may decrease it because of increased glycolysis.

A mouse study found that exercise and NMN supplementation both improved glucose tolerance in subjects on high-fat diets. Exercise had stronger effects on muscle mitochondrial function, while NMN worked better in the liver⁸.

Researchers noted: “Given that NMN treatment resulted in greater changes in markers of mitochondrial function in liver than muscle, NAD precursor-based therapies may be more effective for treatment of obesity-associated liver diseases.”

Combining exercise with NMN supplementation creates synergistic effects on aerobic capacity and endurance, suggesting benefits for athletes who use both training and NMN in their routines.

Dosage, Safety, and Comparisons

If you’re considering NMN supplementation for athletic performance, here are some practical aspects to consider.

Effective Dosage

Scientists have studied NMN dosages ranging from 150 mg to 1200 mg per day, finding that medium to higher doses may work better:

Health benefits begin at daily doses of 250 mg NMN
A 600 mg daily dose shows the best results for physical performance and increasing blood NAD+⁹
Researchers have used doses up to 1200 mg daily with no major safety concerns

Safety Profile

NMN has demonstrated a favorable safety profile in human clinical trials:

Research has shown doses up to 1200 mg daily are safe to consume
Clinical trials confirmed NMN is safe and well-tolerated with oral dosing up to 900 mg daily
No serious adverse effects have been observed in controlled studies
Blood NAD+ concentrations increase in a dose-dependent manner with NMN supplementation

NMN vs. Other Performance Supplements

NMN differs from other athletic supplements like creatine in several key ways:

Creatine has stronger scientific evidence showing it builds strength and muscle, making it better for pure athletic performance
NMN is more oriented toward general health, longevity, and anti-aging effects
While early NMN studies look promising, creatine has decades of human clinical research to back it up

Athletes should think about their specific performance goals when deciding which supplement to use or potentially using them for different purposes.

For those interested in the benefits of creatine supplementation, check out our starter guide to creatine.

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Is NMN Worth Considering for Athletic Performance?

Science currently suggests NMN supplements may improve specific athletic performance areas – especially aerobic capacity, endurance, and recovery.

This improvement comes from increasing NAD+ levels and supporting mitochondrial function. The most reliable benefits show up in regular exercise performance rather than peak performance measures.

Doses of 600-1200 mg daily appear most effective, with safety confirmed across multiple clinical trials. Combining exercise with NMN might produce better results than either alone, suggesting benefits for athletes using both approaches.

The research is still developing, with some limitations and mixed results pointing to the need for better long-term human studies.

Athletes thinking about taking NMN should consider the current evidence against their specific goals, understanding that while promising, NMN’s effects aren’t yet as well-documented as established supplements like creatine.

FAQs: NMN for Athletes

What is the recommended dosage of NMN for athletes?

According to clinical studies, 600 mg daily appears most effective. Researchers examined doses from 150-1200 mg, with medium to higher amounts (600-1200 mg) yielding the best athletic performance results. Lower doses (around 250 mg) still offer health benefits but might not be ideal for boosting performance.

Is NMN better than creatine for athletic performance?

Creatine has more solid research backing its ability to increase strength and muscle mass, making it potentially better for athletic performance, particularly in strength sports. NMN appears to focus more on endurance, recovery, and health/longevity benefits. Depending on their goals and training focus, many athletes might find value in taking both supplements.

How long does it take to see athletic benefits from NMN supplementation?

Studies showing benefits from NMN supplementation typically last 4-12 weeks. The six-week study on amateur runners showed clear improvements in aerobic capacity during this period. However, people may respond differently, and some mitochondrial function improvements may take longer to fully develop.

Does NMN supplementation work better for certain types of athletes?

Research indicates NMN may particularly help endurance athletes by boosting aerobic capacity, oxygen use, and metabolic efficiency. The benefits appear stronger for submaximal exercise performance rather than peak output, suggesting NMN works better for longer activities than short, explosive efforts.

Can NMN help with recovery between training sessions?

Evidence indicates NMN supplements may enhance recovery after exercise by supporting muscle repair, decreasing inflammation, and reducing oxidative damage. In animal studies, NMN reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could help athletes recover more quickly between intense workouts. More human research specifically examining recovery metrics is needed to confirm these effects.

Referenced Sources

Creatine and ATP: What’s the Connection?

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 21, 2025. Posted in Creatine, ATP, Exercise. No Comments on Creatine and ATP: What’s the Connection?

When most people hear “creatine”, they immediately think of muscle-building, but its true value lies in how it affects ATP (adenosine triphosphate), your body’s energy source that powers physical and mental tasks.

Your body only stores so much ATP. Creatine helps rapidly restore ATP during intense activity. This important relationship extends well beyond building muscle.

Whether you’re trying to improve in sports, get more from your workouts, or simply have better energy throughout the day, understanding creatine and ATP matters.

Key Takeaways

Creatine speeds up ATP regeneration, helping your body quickly restore its main energy source during intense activities.
Muscles only store enough ATP for 1-2 seconds of hard work, but taking creatine increases phosphocreatine stores by 10-40%, greatly expanding this energy supply.
The creatine-ATP connection doesn’t just help muscles—it also supports brain function, heart health, and immune system through better cellular energy production.
A standard dose (20g daily for 5-7 days, then 3-5g daily) effectively addresses the ATP storage limit for improved performance and recovery.

The ATP Storage Problem

Ever wondered how your muscles keep going during those intense workouts? It’s all thanks to a little powerhouse called ATP.

Think of ATP as your body’s energy currency. It’s what your muscles spend to keep moving.

Your muscles only store enough ATP for 1-2 seconds of intense activity. Your body then needs to rapidly create more ATP to keep going. ¹

This storage limit creates a significant challenge for athletic performance and recovery.

Interestingly, muscles typically hold just 5-6 millimoles of ATP per kilogram – only enough for a few strong muscle contractions.

When exercising intensely, your ATP needs increase over 1,000 times compared to rest. ² Without efficient ATP regeneration, high-intensity exercise would be impossible beyond those first few seconds.

How Creatine Powers ATP Production

Creatine works with an enzyme called creatine kinase (CK) to quickly replenish ATP when your muscles need it most. Here’s how the magic happens:

Creatine + ATP ⇌ Phosphocreatine (PCr) + ADP

This chemical equation might look complicated, but it’s actually pretty simple.

Here’s how it works:

1.Supplemental creatine increases your muscle’s phosphocreatine (also called creatine phosphate) stores by approximately 10-40% ³

2. When ATP breaks down to ADP during exercise, phosphocreatine rapidly donates its phosphate group

3. This reaction, catalyzed by creatine kinase, quickly regenerates ATP

4. The result: sustained energy production during high-intensity activities

Dr. Roger Harris, whose groundbreaking research in the 1990s demonstrated creatine’s effect on muscle PCr stores, found that oral creatine supplementation can increase total creatine content in muscle by up to 20% after just one week of loading. ⁴

These higher PCr stores effectively expand your muscles’ energy reservoir, allowing for greater work capacity before fatigue sets in.

It’s like having a backup generator that kicks in the moment your main power supply starts to dip.

This creatine-powered system helps your muscles maintain high-intensity effort for longer, whether you’re sprinting, lifting weights, or pushing through those last few reps.

Why The Creatine-ATP System Matters for Performance

What makes elite athletes sprint so fast or lift such heavy weights? The answer lies in their ATP-CP system (also called the Phosphagen or ATP-PCr system).

This Creatine-ATP energy system is:

Fast: Delivers ATP within seconds for high-intensity bursts (up to 10 seconds of maximal effort)

Anaerobic: Works without oxygen when demand exceeds oxygen-dependent processes

Efficient: Contains 4-6 times more creatine phosphate than ATP in muscle cells, creating a substantial energy reserve

This natural “turbo boost” powers explosive activities like sprinting, weightlifting, jumping, and HIIT workouts—all excellent anti-aging exercises requiring significant power in minimal time.

Ever felt that muscle burn during intense exercise? That’s partly your ATP-PCr system running low.

Creatine supplementation helps by increasing muscle PCr stores, delaying fatigue and extending your high-intensity performance window.

Research in the journal Nutrients confirms that creatine supplementation enhances maximal strength and reduces recovery time by providing more fuel for your ATP-PCr system. ⁵

Beyond Muscles: The Wider Impact of the Creatine-ATP Relationship

An image of a matured man doing work out

What many people don’t realize is that the ATP storage problem isn’t limited to skeletal muscle. Every cell in your body requires ATP, including:

Brain cells: Neurons have extremely high energy demands and benefit from improved ATP availability

Heart muscle: Cardiac tissue relies heavily on continuous ATP production

Immune cells: T-cells and other immune components need energy for proper function

Enhancing Brain Health

Your brain works like a supercomputer and needs steady energy to perform well. Creatine helps your brain cells maintain ATP levels, which supports cognitive function. ⁶

A systematic review and meta-analysis found that adults taking creatine supplements showed meaningful improvements in memory and processed information more quickly. ⁷

These cognitive benefits happen through neural ATP preservation – keeping your brain’s energy steady and plentiful, even when you’re mentally taxed. This has led some to classify creatine as a nootropic. ⁸

Supporting Cardiovascular Function

Research in cardiology has shown that the ratio of phosphocreatine to ATP in cardiac muscle serves as an important biomarker of heart health. Lower PCr/ATP ratios are associated with heart failure and impaired cardiac function. ⁹

While clinical applications are still developing, the research shows that the creatine-phosphocreatine system is important for heart muscle, not just skeletal muscle.

Boosting the Immune System

Recent studies in immunometabolism have found that activated T-cells take in and use much more creatine. ¹⁰ This suggests the phosphocreatine system likely plays a bigger role in immune function than previously thought.

Though human research is limited, animal studies suggest that creatine’s energy-enhancing properties may provide meaningful support to immune function, particularly during periods of intense immune activation or stress. ¹¹

Optimizing ATP with Creatine Supplements

The standard protocol for addressing the ATP storage problem involves two phases:

Loading phase: 20g daily (divided into 4-5 doses) for 5-7 days

Maintenance phase: 3-5g daily thereafter

This approach typically increases muscle phosphocreatine levels by 20-40% within the first week, effectively expanding your ATP regeneration capacity.

Creatine monohydrate is the best form of creatine to take, offering the most research-backed benefits and proven bioavailability.

Advanced ATP Support: Beyond Basic Creatine

Our Creatine Monohydrate ATP Powder takes energy support to the next level by incorporating disodium ATP – a direct form of the energy molecule your body uses.

Research shows that 400mg of ATP can increase maximum strength in regular weightlifters. A scientific review found ATP supplementation led to greater strength gains than placebo (8.13 kg more on average). ¹²

The combination creates a two-pronged approach to the ATP storage problem:

1. Creatine increases phosphocreatine stores to rapidly regenerate ATP

2. Disodium ATP provides a direct source of the energy molecule itself

Not sure where to start? Check out our Creatine Starter Guide to learn more about how to maximize your results.

The Final Scoop on Creatine and ATP

Creatine supplements provide a proven way to expand your energy capacity by increasing phosphocreatine stores and supporting faster ATP production.

Creatine can help whether you’re an athlete looking for better results, someone who exercises wanting to improve workouts, or just interested in optimizing your cellular energy. Using creatine to address the ATP storage problem is a valuable health strategy.

Keep in mind that people respond differently to creatine based on their muscle fiber composition, starting creatine levels, and overall metabolic health.

Referenced Sources:

Blonde woman covering nose and mouth under blooming cherry blossom trees, appearing to have seasonal allergies

10 Natural Antihistamines for Seasonal Allergies Reviewed

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 20, 2025. Posted in Allergies and Asthma, Quercetin, Turmeric/Curcumin.

As spring blooms, millions grapple with seasonal allergies – those uncomfortable symptoms of runny nose, itchy eyes, and persistent sneezing that can derail daily life.

While conventional antihistamines offer relief, they often bring unwanted side effects like drowsiness and dry mouth.

People are becoming more interested in natural alternatives that adjust the body’s histamine response without these drawbacks.

These natural compounds work in different ways – blocking histamine release, reducing inflammation, or boosting the body’s resistance to allergens.

In this guide, we’ll look at ten research-backed natural antihistamines that show promise for allergy relief.

From plant-based flavonoids to traditional home remedies, these alternatives give you practical ways to breathe easier this spring, whether you use them alongside or instead of over-the-counter medications.

The Most Powerful Natural Antihistamines (Quick Reference)

Finding relief from seasonal allergies doesn’t always require a trip to the pharmacy. Nature provides several compounds with antihistamine properties that can help manage symptoms effectively.

Below is a quick reference guide to the most potent natural options, their primary benefits, and how to use them.

Natural Antihistamine	Key Benefits	Effectiveness	How to Use
Quercetin	Mast cell stabilization, reduced histamine release	★★★★★	500-1000mg supplement daily; found in apples, onions, citrus
Vitamin C	Histamine degradation, immune support	★★★☆☆	1000-2000mg daily; supplements or citrus fruits, berries, kiwi
Stinging Nettle	Blocks histamine receptors, anti-inflammatory	★★★★☆	300-500mg capsules or 2-3 cups of tea daily
Ginger	Anti-inflammatory, digestive support	★★★☆☆	Fresh tea, 1000mg supplements, or added to foods daily
Butterbur	Leukotriene inhibition, nasal congestion relief	★★★★★	50-75mg standardized extract twice daily (PA-free only)
Bromelain	Enzyme that reduces swelling, thins mucus	★★★☆☆	500mg supplement between meals; fresh pineapple
Spirulina	Anti-inflammatory, immune modulation	★★★☆☆	2-3g daily in powder or tablet form
Turmeric (Curcumin)	Inhibits inflammatory pathways	★★★★☆	500mg with black pepper extract 2-3 times daily
Holy Basil (Tulsi)	Adaptogenic, stress reduction, anti-inflammatory	★★★☆☆	2-3 cups of tea daily or 300-500mg supplement
Probiotics	Immune regulation, gut-allergy connection	★★★☆☆	10-20 billion CFUs daily with specific strains

For best results, begin these remedies 2-4 weeks before allergy season starts.

Many work better together – like how quercetin with vitamin C can improve absorption and effectiveness.

Everyone responds differently, so use remedies consistently and track your symptoms to discover which ones work best for your specific allergies.

What are Natural Antihistamines?

Woman with allergies in pink dress reacting to white flowers on right and a cat on left against a soft blue background

Natural antihistamines help fight allergy symptoms and come from foods, herbs, and plants. When you have allergies, your body releases histamine, which causes sneezing, itching, and other symptoms.

These natural substances work against histamine in different ways—some stop your cells from releasing histamine, some block histamine’s effects, some reduce swelling, and others help your body get rid of histamine faster.

These natural remedies have been used for centuries in traditional healing practices, and scientists now confirm many of their benefits.

People often choose natural antihistamines because they typically have fewer side effects than regular allergy medicines, though they may take longer to work. You can use natural antihistamines by eating certain foods, brewing herbal teas, or taking supplements.

10 Allergy-Busting Natural Histamines

Here’s a detailed look at the 10 best natural antihistamines that can help tame your seasonal allergy symptoms based on research-backed evidence.

Quercetin

Quercetin is a powerful flavonoid found in apples, onions, and citrus fruits that works as a natural mast cell stabilizer¹, preventing the release of histamine and other inflammatory compounds.

Randomized, placebo-controlled studies show quercetin can significantly reduce the intensity of itching, sneezing, and runny nose (rhinorrhea) in people with allergies².

It can improve immune responses and block inflammatory mediators, which makes it promising for helping with allergic conditions like asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis³.

Quercetin works best when you take it before allergy season starts – ideally 2-3 weeks ahead. Most people take between 500-1000mg daily, split into two doses.

To help your body absorb it better, look for quercetin products that include bromelain or vitamin C. If you have liver issues, check with your doctor before taking it, since your liver processes quercetin.

If you are interested in supplementing Quercetin, Jinfiniti’s SenoAid™ Senolytic Complex offers a precision-formulated blend that pairs quercetin with fisetin, bromelain, and other synergistic compounds that not only tackle allergies but also target cellular senescence at its root.

SenoAid Senolytic Supplement Complex promotional image

Vitamin C

Vitamin C isn’t just for fighting colds—it’s also a powerful ally against allergies. Similar to quercetin, scientists have discovered that it can prevent mast cells from releasing histamine.

Research shows that vitamin C reduces both IgE levels and histamine release, which directly fights the causes of allergic reactions⁴.

One study found that people taking high doses of vitamin C experienced significant relief from both breathing and skin allergy symptoms without weakening their immune systems⁵.

Vitamin C also appears to help balance the immune system’s TH1 and TH2 responses—important for people with allergies—and can strengthen epinephrine, which fights against histamine reactions⁶.

Studies of children with allergic rhinitis show that more vitamin C means fewer symptoms⁷, suggesting it helps both kids and adults.

For seasonal allergy sufferers, taking 1000-2000mg of vitamin C each day seems to work best, especially when taken in smaller amounts throughout the day.

While foods like citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, and bell peppers contain vitamin C, supplements offer more precise amounts for treating allergies.

Stinging Nettle

Despite its painful sting when touched in the wild, stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) becomes a powerful ally against seasonal allergies when properly processed.

This perennial flowering plant has compounds that naturally block histamine receptors and stop several key inflammatory pathways involved in allergic reactions.

A randomized, double-blind clinical trial that measured stinging nettle’s effects on allergic rhinitis found it significantly improved nasal symptoms using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22)⁸.

The herb seems to work in multiple ways, including stopping the release of histamine and other inflammatory molecules from mast cells⁹.

You can take stinging nettle as a freeze-dried leaf capsule (300-500mg twice daily), a liquid extract (2-4ml three times daily), or as a tea made from dried leaves (steep 1-2 teaspoons for 5-10 minutes, drinking 2-3 cups daily).

The freeze-dried form keeps more of the antihistamine compounds than tea, making it likely more effective for allergy symptoms.

For best results, start taking stinging nettle before allergy season begins and keep taking it throughout exposure periods.

If you have kidney issues, diabetes, or take blood thinners, check with your healthcare provider before using stinging nettle supplements, as it can interact with certain medications and conditions.

Ginger

That spicy root in your kitchen cabinet might be a natural way to fight allergies. Ginger contains active compounds, especially one called 6-gingerol, that directly fight allergic reactions.

Studies show ginger blocks mast cells and reduces IgE production, which are major triggers for allergy symptoms. In research with animals, ginger significantly reduced allergy symptoms like sneezing by stopping histamine release¹⁰.

Researchers also compared ginger extract to a common allergy medicine (loratadine/Claritin) and found something surprising: ginger worked just as well for nasal allergy symptoms but caused fewer side effects like sleepiness¹¹.

To get allergy relief, you can take 1000mg of ginger extract daily, enjoy fresh ginger tea, or add fresh ginger to your cooking.

For the best results, start taking ginger 2-3 weeks before your allergies usually begin. If you take blood thinners, ask your doctor before taking ginger supplements.

Butterbur

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) is one of the best-proven herbal remedies for allergies, with research showing it’s about as effective as standard antihistamines.

This plant contains active ingredients called petasins that fight allergies in two ways – blocking histamines and leukotrienes.

Studies show butterbur can work as well as cetirizine (Zyrtec) for seasonal allergies without causing drowsiness¹². It works by protecting mast cells from allergen activation and reducing leukotriene production that leads to nasal congestion.

Always choose butterbur products labeled “PA-free,” since natural butterbur contains substances that can harm the liver¹³.

The typical dose is 50-75mg of standardized extract twice daily during allergy season. You’ll likely notice improvement after taking it consistently for 1-2 weeks.

If you’re allergic to ragweed, be careful with butterbur since they’re related plants and may cause similar reactions. Pregnant women and people with liver conditions should talk to their doctor before using butterbur.

Bromelain

Bromelain from pineapple stems offers powerful allergy relief beyond digestive benefits. This enzyme breaks down inflammatory proteins and reduces nasal swelling, helping those with respiratory allergies.

Research shows it thins mucus, reduces swelling, and modifies how your immune system responds to allergens¹⁴. Bromelain also makes other antihistamines like quercetin work better when taken together.

For the best results, take 500mg between meals when your stomach is empty so it works throughout your body. Choose supplements labeled with GDU (gelatin digesting units), aiming for about 2,000 GDU daily.

While pineapple contains some bromelain, supplements provide stronger benefits. Most people notice improvements after taking it regularly for 1-2 weeks.

Spirulina

Spirulina, a nutrient-dense blue-green algae, works as a natural antihistamine, particularly for hay fever. Rather than just blocking histamine receptors like most antihistamines, this superfood adjusts how your immune system responds.

Studies show spirulina reduces symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, stuffiness, and itching¹⁵. Some research finds it works better than common antihistamines like cetirizine for nasal congestion¹⁶.

Spirulina works by inhibiting mast cell degranulation and reducing inflammatory cytokines like IL-4, which drives allergic responses¹⁷.

Take 2-3 grams daily as powder in smoothies or as tablets. Choose quality spirulina that’s organic and tested for heavy metals.

While generally safe, spirulina may interact with immune-suppressing medications. If you have an autoimmune condition, check with your doctor first. Start with a small dose to make sure you don’t have a sensitivity to it.

Turmeric (Curcumin)

Studies have found that curcumin prevents mast cells from releasing histamine and inflammatory substances. It maintains balance between immune cell types (Th1/Th2), which helps control allergic responses. Animal research demonstrates that curcumin reduces IgE levels and airway inflammation, making it effective for seasonal allergies.

The main problem with curcumin is poor absorption. For therapeutic benefits, select supplements containing black pepper extract (piperine), which boosts absorption by up to 2000%.

Jinfiniti’s Extra Strength Turmeric+ curcumin supplement provides this optimal combination with added Boswellia, ginger, and piperine for complete allergy support.

For everyday cooking, you can add black pepper and healthy fats to improve absorption, though supplements provide more reliable amounts for fighting allergies.

Holy Basil (Tulsi)

Holy Basil combats allergies through multiple pathways. It blocks inflammation-causing COX-2 enzymes and contains antioxidants that help calm an overactive immune system¹⁸.

As an adaptogen, Holy Basil also helps the body manage stress—a known trigger that can worsen allergy symptoms¹⁹.

Unlike many remedies, Holy Basil balances the immune system instead of just suppressing it. Research shows it may reduce oxidative stress commonly associated with allergic reactions and histamine release²⁰.

For relief, try drinking 2-3 cups of Holy Basil tea daily or taking 300-500mg in supplement form. The tea provides immediate comfort for irritated airways, while consistent use offers increasing benefits during allergy season.

Probiotics

Probiotics offer a new way to tackle allergies through the gut-allergy connection. These good bacteria help restore balance to the gut microbiome, which controls immune responses that drive allergic reactions.

Studies show specific probiotic strains can regulate how the immune system responds to allergens.

Clinical trials of people with allergic rhinitis found that certain combinations, like Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 and Enterococcus faecium, reduced nasal symptoms and reduced the need for traditional antihistamines²¹.

For people suffering from itchy, watery eyes during allergy season, the strain Lactobacillus paracasei LP-33 works particularly well²².

Look for products with multiple research-backed strains at 10-20 billion CFUs daily. Start taking them at least a month before allergy season starts, since probiotics work by gradually shifting immune responses rather than providing quick relief.

How to Use Natural Antihistamines

Getting the most from natural antihistamines requires more than just taking them when symptoms appear:

Start early – Begin supplementation 3-4 weeks before allergy season to build up protective effects before pollen counts rise.
Combine strategically – Pair complementary remedies for enhanced effects (quercetin with bromelain, turmeric with black pepper and ginger).
Be consistent – Regular daily intake works better than occasional larger doses. Natural remedies need time to modulate immune responses.
Track your results – Use an allergy journal or app to monitor which remedies help your specific symptoms most effectively.
Adjust as needed – Based on your tracking, fine-tune your regimen, increasing or decreasing doses of what works best for your body.

When to Seek Medical Help

Natural antihistamines can be effective for many people, but knowing when to consult a healthcare provider is important:

Severe symptoms – If you experience wheezing, severe congestion, or difficulty breathing, seek immediate medical attention.
Limited relief – When natural remedies don’t provide sufficient relief after 2-3 weeks of consistent use.
Taking medications – Consult your doctor before using natural antihistamines if you take prescription medications, as interactions may occur.
Pregnant or nursing – Many natural remedies haven’t been studied in pregnancy or lactation; medical guidance is essential.
Underlying conditions – People with autoimmune disorders, liver disease, or bleeding disorders should get medical clearance before using certain natural antihistamines.
Children – Always consult a pediatrician before giving children natural supplements, as dosing and safety profiles may differ.

Daily Habits to Minimize Allergy Symptoms

Beyond supplements, these practices can significantly reduce your allergy burden:

Control your environment – HEPA air purifiers in bedrooms and high-use areas can remove up to 99.97% of airborne allergens.
Shower before bed – Rinse pollen from your hair and skin to prevent transferring allergens to your pillow and prolonging exposure overnight.
Nasal irrigation – Using a neti pot with sterile saline solution can physically flush allergens from nasal passages, reducing symptoms by up to 40%.
Anti-inflammatory diet – Get enough omega-3 rich foods (fatty fish, walnuts) and colorful fruits and vegetables while reducing processed foods and sugar.
Stress management – Practice meditation or deep breathing daily since stress hormones can worsen allergic responses²³ by increasing inflammatory markers.
Local honey – Consuming small amounts of local, raw honey may help desensitize your system to local pollens (though evidence remains anecdotal).

Nature’s Pharmacy: Your Seasonal Allergy Relief Strategy

Natural antihistamines for allergies can be a great alternative to standard medications, especially for people who want relief without the drowsiness or dry mouth.

Research shows the most effective options—quercetin, butterbur, and turmeric—work just as well as over-the-counter medications for many sufferers.

For the best results, try a comprehensive approach that combines several natural antihistamines targeting different aspects of the allergic response.

It’s helpful to start treatment before your symptoms appear, use remedies consistently, and complement them with environmental controls and anti-inflammatory food choices.

Just remember that “natural” doesn’t automatically mean “safe”—quality matters when selecting supplements, and some remedies might interact with medications or certain health conditions.

Keeping track of your symptoms can help you figure out which remedies work best for your specific body and allergy type.

Referenced Sources

A row of various supplement capsules on a marble countertop

Reviewing Dr. David Sinclair’s Supplement Regimen in 2025

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 19, 2025. Posted in Supplements, NAD+, NAD+ Precursors, NMN.

Dr. David Sinclair, Ph.D., is a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and one of the world’s foremost researchers on aging and longevity.

His work focuses on understanding why we age and finding ways to slow or reverse aging. Sinclair believes that aging isn’t just inevitable decline but a treatable condition—a biological process we might control through specific interventions.

The supplement routine described below is Dr. Sinclair’s personal protocol based on his understanding of current scientific research and compiled from his public comments in various interviews and podcast appearances.

Important Disclaimer: As a researcher with access to advanced testing and medical oversight, Dr. Sinclair’s choices reflect a higher risk tolerance than might be suitable for most people. This article examines his regimen but is not medical advice. Always talk to your doctor before starting any supplements.

David Sinclair’s Complete Supplement List in 2025

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): 1 gram daily
Resveratrol: 1 gram daily with yogurt
Spermidine: 1-2 mg daily
Fisetin: 500 mg daily
Vitamin D3: 4,000-5,000 IU daily
Vitamin K2: 180-360 mcg daily
Trimethylglycine (TMG/Betaine): 500-1,000 mg daily
Omega-3 Fish Oil: Dosage not specified
L-Taurine: 2 grams daily
CoQ10: Dosage not specified in recent sources
Metformin: 800-1,000 mg in the evening
Low-Dose Aspirin: 83 mg daily
Rapamycin: Dosage not publicly disclosed

The sections that follow will explore each supplement in detail, covering how they work, the evidence behind them, and practical considerations for anyone interested in longevity.

David Sinclair’s Core Anti-Aging Supplements

Four key supplements form the base of David Sinclair’s anti-aging routine, each targeting specific cellular aging processes.

These core compounds work together on different but related pathways – they boost NAD+ production, activate sirtuins, enhance autophagy (the body’s cellular recycling system), and help clear out harmful senescent cells.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)

What It Is: NAD+ precursor that converts directly to NAD+ in cells. NAD+ is a critical coenzyme that declines with age and is involved in hundreds of metabolic reactions. NMN is one of several compounds that can replenish NAD+ levels, potentially counteracting this age-related decline.
Sinclair’s Dosage: 1 gram daily, taken in the morning with yogurt to enhance absorption. Sinclair specifically mentions that the fat content in yogurt helps with bioavailability.
Claimed Benefits: Supports cellular energy production through enhanced mitochondrial function. May improve DNA repair mechanisms, particularly important as these decline with age. Potentially enhances metabolic flexibility and glucose regulation. Sinclair also suggests it contributes to overall cellular resilience.
Scientific Evidence: Multiple studies show promising results for metabolism¹, physical performance², and various aging markers³. Human clinical trials are limited but growing – several small studies show safety and modest metabolic improvements. The large, long-term human studies needed to validate lifespan or healthspan effects are still in progress or planning stages.
Considerations: High cost (often $100+ monthly at Sinclair’s dosage). Bioavailability may be a challenge. Alternative NAD+ precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR) have more human clinical data.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, for those serious about longevity optimization. The promising research on cellular energy and metabolic health makes quality NMN supplements a worthwhile investment, especially for adults over 40 experiencing natural NAD+ decline.

Resveratrol

What It Is: A natural compound found in red wine, grapes, and berries. Acts as a sirtuin activator, especially SIRT1 proteins that help maintain cellular health and longevity.
Sinclair’s Dosage: 1 gram daily with yogurt or fat to improve absorption. Taken alongside NMN for potential synergistic effects.
Claimed Benefits: Activates SIRT1 to boost cellular health and stress resistance. Resveratrol works with NMN to enhance mitochondrial function through increased NAD+. May improve heart health and reduce inflammation.
Scientific Evidence: Results are mixed. Early studies in simple organisms showed promise, but mouse lifespan studies failed to confirm these benefits. Human studies show inconsistent results with only modest improvements.
Considerations: Poor absorption is a major drawback, as most resveratrol breaks down quickly in the body. Supplement quality varies widely. Benefits may follow a U-shaped curve, making correct dosing important.

Is It Worth Including?: Possibly, but keep expectations realistic. While it hasn’t delivered dramatic longevity benefits, there’s some evidence for heart and metabolic improvements. Consider special formulations that improve absorption.

Spermidine

What It Is: A natural compound found in foods like wheat germ, soybeans, aged cheese, and mushrooms. First discovered in semen (hence the name), but exists throughout the body and plants. Spermidine helps with cellular growth, maintenance, and controls autophagy.
Sinclair’s Dosage: 1-2 mg daily as a supplement, though he recommends getting it from food when possible. This low dose reflects the small amounts naturally found in food.
Claimed Benefits: Mainly promotes autophagy—the cellular “self-cleaning” process that removes damaged components. This process is key for cellular renewal and healthy aging. Also said to support DNA stability, reduce inflammation, and improve heart health.
Scientific Evidence: Strong results in animals showing extended lifespan in yeast, flies, worms, and mice. Early human research shows promising links between spermidine intake and lower mortality, better brain function, and improved heart health, though large clinical trials are limited.
Considerations: Food sources may offer additional benefits beyond supplements due to complementary compounds. Best therapeutic dose remains unclear. Safety profile looks good, but long-term supplement data is limited. Relatively affordable compared to other longevity supplements.

Is It Worth Including?: No, despite promising mechanisms and animal results, the human evidence isn’t strong enough to justify regular supplementation. Better to focus on spermidine-rich foods within a varied diet.

Fisetin

What It Is: A natural senolytic compound found in fruits and vegetables like strawberries, apples, and cucumbers. Fisetin targets and removes “zombie” cells (senescent cells) that build up as we age and cause inflammation and tissue problems.
Sinclair’s Dosage: 500 mg daily, taken regularly rather than in cycles. This is much higher than what you’d get from food alone, as it’s used for therapeutic purposes.
Claimed Benefits: Mainly removes zombie cells that cause chronic inflammation. May improve aging tissues by clearing out these harmful cells. Also works as an antioxidant and might protect brain health.
Scientific Evidence: Mouse studies show promising results for healthspan and reduced aging markers. It effectively cleared zombie cells in animal testing. Human studies are still limited but growing, with research exploring effects on various age-related conditions.
Considerations: Sinclair switched from quercetin to fisetin because evidence shows it works better at removing zombie cells. Questions remain about whether daily use or occasional “cleansing” doses work better. The body doesn’t absorb it well, but taking it with fatty foods may help.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, especially for people over 40 concerned about age-related inflammation. Among senolytic supplements, fisetin has a good safety record and growing scientific support. Removing zombie cells is a compelling way to address a key aging process.

Additional Supplements in Sinclair’s Routine

Beyond his core anti-aging compounds, Sinclair incorporates several additional supplements that support general health and may complement his longevity-focused interventions.

Vitamin D3 & K2

What It Is: Two fat-soluble vitamins that work together in the body. Vitamin D3 is made when your skin is exposed to sunlight, while K2 comes mainly from fermented foods and animal products. They team up to help your body use calcium properly.
Sinclair’s Dosage: 4,000-5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 daily and 180-360 mcg of Vitamin K2 daily. Sinclair prefers the MK-7 form of K2 because it stays in your body longer and is better absorbed than other forms.
Claimed Benefits: Strengthens bones by directing calcium to the right places. Boosts immune system and reduces inflammation. Protects heart health by preventing calcium buildup in arteries. May also improve muscle strength, mood, and overall lifespan.
Scientific Evidence: Strong support for health benefits, though specific longevity effects are less proven. Vitamin D deficiency is common and linked to many health problems. K2’s role in preventing unwanted calcification is well-supported by research, though fewer large clinical trials exist.
Considerations: Blood tests can help determine your ideal vitamin D dose. Different forms are available (D2 vs D3, MK-4 vs MK-7). You may need to adjust dosage based on seasons and sun exposure. Take with meals for better absorption. If you take blood thinners, talk to your doctor before taking K2.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, for most people. This pair is one of the most science-backed supplements with benefits that go beyond anti-aging. They’re generally safe and affordable, making them a smart addition to most supplement routines.

Trimethylglycine (TMG/Betaine)

What It Is: A natural compound found in beets, quinoa, and spinach. Acts as a methyl donor supporting various body processes. Also known as betaine, it provides methyl groups needed for DNA and protein function.
Sinclair’s Dosage: 500-1,000 mg daily, usually taken with NMN to prevent methyl group depletion. This matches dosages shown to provide metabolic benefits in studies.
Claimed Benefits: Mainly helps control homocysteine levels, a risk factor for heart disease. Supports liver function and detoxification. May boost cellular energy and protect against certain stressors. Could prevent methyl depletion when taking NAD+ precursors.
Scientific Evidence: Limited specific longevity data, but well-studied for metabolic health. Studies show benefits for liver function, heart health markers, and exercise performance. Research suggests combining NMN with TMG may enhance NAD+ precursor benefits.
Considerations: May work well with NMN supplementation for those following Sinclair’s protocol. Generally safe but might cause digestive issues in some people. Those with certain genetic variations affecting methylation might benefit more.

Is It Worth Including?: Possibly, especially if taking NMN or other NAD+ precursors. The methylation support makes sense biologically, though direct evidence for longevity benefits is lacking. Affordable and safe, making it reasonable for comprehensive protocols.

Omega-3 Fish Oil

What It Is: Essential fatty acids—mainly EPA and DHA—that come from marine sources like fatty fish. These polyunsaturated fats are key building blocks in cell membranes and help create molecules that control inflammation and other bodily processes.
Sinclair’s Dosage: Not specifically stated in Sinclair’s published regimen, though he does include it. Most people take 1-3 grams of combined EPA/DHA daily, with higher doses sometimes used for specific health conditions.
Claimed Benefits: Supports heart health by improving blood fat levels and blood vessel function. Helps brain health and possibly cognitive performance, especially as we age. Provides broad anti-inflammatory effects that may slow multiple aging processes. May improve how well cell membranes function.
Scientific Evidence: Decades of research exist, though recent large studies show mixed results. There’s strong data on how it works and observational studies support benefits, but some clinical trials show modest or no effects for preventing problems. More consistent benefits are seen in people who already have health issues.
Considerations: Quality varies greatly between products, with concerns about oxidation and contamination. Third-party testing for heavy metals is important. Some fishing practices raise sustainability concerns. Plant-based options (algae oils) provide DHA but usually less EPA.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, but ideally through whole foods. Eating fatty fish 2-3 times weekly provides omega-3s plus other helpful nutrients. If you can’t eat enough fish, a high-quality supplement may help, especially if you have inflammation or heart risk factors.

L-Taurine

What It Is: A conditionally essential sulfur-containing amino acid found mostly in animal tissues, especially the brain, heart, and muscles. Unlike typical amino acids, taurine doesn’t build proteins but performs many important functions, including fluid balance, calcium signaling, and protecting cells from damage.
Sinclair’s Dosage: 2 grams daily, taken all at once. This is a newer addition to Sinclair’s routine, added after recent research suggested potential longevity benefits beyond its usual roles in heart and brain health.
Claimed Benefits: Protects cells from various stressors. Supports mitochondria (cell powerhouses) and energy production. Helps maintain proper cell hydration and mineral balance. May improve exercise performance and recovery. Could protect against age-related drops in taurine levels.
Scientific Evidence: Recent longevity research shows promising results, with studies showing increased lifespan in animals. Well-established benefits for heart health and metabolism. Clinical data supports its roles in blood sugar control, blood pressure management, and exercise capacity.
Considerations: A newer addition to his longevity stack based on recent research. Generally very safe with few side effects even at higher doses. Relatively inexpensive compared to many longevity supplements. Natural levels decrease with age, making supplements potentially more useful for older adults.

Is It Worth Including?: Yes, especially given its excellent safety record, reasonable cost, and growing evidence for multiple health benefits. The combination of proven clinical uses and emerging longevity research makes taurine a sensible addition to a comprehensive regimen, especially for those over 40.

CoQ10

What It Is: An antioxidant naturally made in our bodies that helps cells produce energy. CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) works as an electron carrier in mitochondria (our cells’ power plants) and protects against oxidative damage, especially in high-energy organs like the heart and brain.
Sinclair’s Dosage: Not specifically listed in Sinclair’s recent published regimens, though he has mentioned it in broader discussions. Most supplements contain 100-300 mg for daily use, with higher amounts sometimes used for specific health conditions.
Claimed Benefits: Supports cellular energy production and mitochondrial function. Protects cell membranes from free radical damage. May support heart health and muscle function. Could help offset the natural drop in CoQ10 levels that happens as we age.
Scientific Evidence: Research shows mixed results. Strong evidence supports its role in energy production and as an antioxidant. Some promising studies for heart failure, muscle pain from statins, and exercise performance, but less consistent results for prevention or anti-aging effects.
Considerations: Comes in two forms – ubiquinone and ubiquinol, with ubiquinol possibly being better absorbed, especially by older adults. Being fat-soluble, it’s absorbed poorly unless taken with fatty foods. May be particularly important for people taking statin medications.

Is It Worth Including?: Possibly, particularly for people over 50 or those on statins, which lower natural CoQ10 levels. Makes most sense for those with heart concerns or low energy. While not as cutting-edge as newer supplements, its strong safety record makes it worth considering.

Prescription Medications in Sinclair’s Protocol

Sinclair’s complete regimen includes medications that typically require medical supervision. While these compounds show promise in longevity research, they have important health risks.

We strongly advise caution and medical guidance before trying these interventions, even those available without prescription.

Metformin

What It Is: A prescription medication first developed for type 2 diabetes that researchers are now studying for potential anti-aging benefits. This biguanide drug works mainly by decreasing liver glucose production, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and altering gut bacteria.
Sinclair’s Dosage: 800-1000 mg taken at night. Sinclair occasionally stops taking it around heavy exercise periods due to concerns that it might interfere with workout adaptations.
Claimed Benefits: Mimics some effects of calorie restriction by triggering AMPK, a cell energy monitor. May reduce inflammation, help insulin work better, and alter metabolic pathways involved in aging. Could offer protection against age-related diseases beyond just diabetes.
Scientific Evidence: Strong data supports its safety and effectiveness for diabetes. Longevity evidence is growing but mainly consists of observational studies showing links to lower mortality and fewer age-related diseases. The TAME trial is currently studying metformin specifically for aging.
Considerations: Requires a doctor’s prescription and ongoing medical oversight. Can deplete vitamin B12, requiring monitoring and possible supplements. Often causes stomach issues at first. May dampen some exercise benefits, though this remains debated.

Is It Worth Including?: No, except for those with diagnosed prediabetes, diabetes, or those in research studies. While showing potential, evidence for healthy aging benefits in people without diabetes remains early, and you need a prescription to obtain it. Better to focus on proven lifestyle approaches.

Low-Dose Aspirin

What It Is: A common anti-inflammatory medicine that prevents blood clotting and reduces inflammation throughout the body. Low-dose means smaller amounts (81-100 mg) compared to regular strength aspirin used for pain relief.
Sinclair’s Dosage: 83 mg taken daily without interruption. This matches typical heart-protective doses, though Sinclair has indicated he might adjust this practice as research continues to develop.
Claimed Benefits: Mainly heart protection by preventing blood clots that cause heart attacks and certain strokes. May also help prevent some cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, and reduce ongoing inflammation that could contribute to aging.
Scientific Evidence: Research understanding has changed significantly recently. Once broadly recommended for prevention, today’s guidelines only suggest it for specific higher-risk people. It remains valuable for those who already have heart disease.
Considerations: Has important bleeding risks, including stomach and intestinal bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke, with dangers increasing with age. The risk-benefit balance has shifted as other preventive approaches have improved. Doctors no longer routinely recommend it for most healthy adults.

Is It Worth Including?: No, unless your physician specifically recommends it based on your personal health factors. Recent major studies show that for most people without existing heart disease, bleeding risks are greater than potential benefits. Decisions about aspirin therapy should be made with your doctor’s guidance.

Rapamycin

What It Is: A powerful mTOR inhibitor first found in Easter Island soil bacteria, later used as an immunosuppressant medication. It blocks the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which controls cell growth, metabolism, and aging in many species.
Sinclair’s Dosage: Not fully revealed, though Sinclair has mentioned using intermittent dosing. Most longevity researchers test periodic doses (weekly or monthly) rather than daily use.
Claimed Benefits: Works like caloric restriction by reducing mTOR signaling. Has extended lifespan in organisms from yeast to mice, showing some of the strongest effects of any treatment. May improve cellular cleanup, reduce inflammation, and enhance certain immune functions despite its immunosuppressive effects.
Scientific Evidence: Strong animal data shows significant lifespan extension and health improvements. Human aging research is limited but growing, with small trials showing good safety and improved biomarkers. Extensive clinical experience exists in transplant medicine, though at higher doses.
Considerations: Acts as a serious immunosuppressant at standard clinical doses, requiring doctor supervision. Experts debate the best dosing schedule for longevity benefits versus side effects. Possible issues include blood sugar changes, mouth sores, and higher infection risk. Requires prescription and monitoring.

Is It Worth Including?: No, except in clinical trials or under medical supervision. Despite strong animal results, human longevity evidence is still early, and the risks require careful oversight. It’s a promising future option but not currently suitable for self-administered longevity programs.

Scientific Basis for the Supplements David Sinclair Takes

Sinclair chooses supplements that target specific biological pathways involved in aging, though the scientific support varies:

NAD+ Precursors and Sirtuin Activation

NMN is the most thoroughly studied component of Sinclair’s regimen in human trials. This NAD+ precursor helps counteract the natural decline of cellular NAD+ as we age.

Studies show NMN has many promising benefits, ranging from metabolic health improvements to aerobic capacity. Sinclair combines NMN with resveratrol based on the theory that resveratrol activates sirtuins (especially SIRT1), which need NAD+ to function.

However, resveratrol’s effectiveness remains debated, with research reproducibility issues and unsuccessful mouse lifespan studies.

Why David Sinclair Prefers NMN Over NR

Dr. David Sinclair favors NMN over NR because unpublished research showed NMN boosted exercise ability in mice by 50% (they ran much farther), while NR had no effect at the same dose. He also prefers NMN because it converts to NAD+ in just one step using a specific transporter, which might make it more efficient than NR.

Senolytic Approach

Sinclair uses fisetin as part of the growing interest in senolytic compounds that remove senescent “zombie” cells.

These damaged cells build up with age and release inflammatory substances that harm nearby tissues. Animal research suggests clearing these cells may delay age-related conditions, though human evidence is still early.

Metabolic Regulators

Sinclair includes metformin for its ability to mimic some effects of caloric restriction by influencing metabolism and reducing inflammation.

While well-studied for diabetes, human longevity data on metformin is limited. The ongoing TAME trial⁴ may provide clearer evidence about its effects on healthspan in people without diabetes.

Supporting Nutrients

Vitamins D3 and K2, omega-3 fatty acids, and other supplements in Sinclair’s regimen have established roles in maintaining overall health, though their specific contributions to longevity are less clear.

These compounds mainly ensure various biological systems function optimally rather than directly targeting aging processes.

Dr. Sinclair’s Other Daily Habits for Longevity

Beyond supplements, Dr. Sinclair follows these key lifestyle practices as the foundation of his longevity approach:

Intermittent Fasting: Sinclair eats all his meals within an 8-10 hour window each day. This eating pattern activates cellular cleanup processes like autophagy and mimics the benefits of eating fewer calories.
Exercise Routine: He combines strength training to maintain muscle, cardio workouts, and short bursts of intense exercise (HIIT) to improve mitochondrial function. He sometimes skips his metformin dose around workouts to avoid blocking exercise benefits.
Sleep Optimization: Sinclair aims for 7-8 hours of quality sleep each night and keeps consistent bedtimes. He aligns his sleep schedule with his body’s natural rhythms, avoids blue light before bed, and keeps his bedroom cool and dark.
Stress Management: He practices meditation and mindfulness to reduce the aging effects of ongoing stress.

Many researchers agree these basic lifestyle habits provide major longevity benefits, with supplements only adding minor improvements to this strong foundation.

How to Approach Sinclair’s Protocol Responsibly

Sinclair’s regimen should be viewed as a personal case study rather than a universal prescription for longevity.

For those interested in a similar approach, consider these guidelines:

Begin with the components having strongest scientific support: vitamins D3 and K2, omega-3 fatty acids, and possibly NMN for those over 40. These have established safety profiles and reasonable evidence for health benefits.

Work closely with healthcare providers who can monitor potential interactions and side effects, especially before considering prescription medications like metformin or rapamycin, which carry significant risks when used off-label.

Use objective testing to track effects through relevant biomarkers like inflammatory markers, glucose metabolism, and lipid profiles. This data-driven approach aligns with Jinfiniti’s T-A-O (Test, Act, Optimize) philosophy.

Conduct a cost-benefit analysis when prioritizing interventions. A comprehensive NMN and resveratrol regimen can cost hundreds monthly, while lifestyle improvements offer substantial benefits at minimal expense.

Personalize based on your health status. Your genetic background, existing conditions, and health goals should guide which interventions make sense for you, as aging biology varies significantly between individuals.

Referenced Sources

An image of broccoli and edamame, two foods high in NMN, on a kitchen counter

11 Natural Food Sources of NMN (Highest to Lowest)

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 17, 2025. Posted in NMN, Nutrition. No Comments on 11 Natural Food Sources of NMN (Highest to Lowest)

Your body’s cells need energy to work properly, and they get this energy with the help of a molecule called NAD+. As you get older, your body makes less NAD+.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a natural substance that can help increase your NAD+ levels. While you can take NMN as supplements, it’s also found in many common foods.

We’ve ranked the top 11 natural food sources that contain NMN by concentration, showing you, how much each food contains. This guide will help you include these cell-healthy foods in your daily diet alongside or instead of supplements.

Key Takeaways

NMN is a natural compound that helps boost NAD+ levels in your body, which decline with age and are essential for cellular energy and function
Common foods like edamame, avocados, and broccoli contain small amounts of NMN that can support cellular health as part of your daily diet
While food sources provide natural NMN, only supplements offer concentrations that match amounts shown beneficial in scientific research
Incorporating NMN-rich foods alongside proper cooking methods helps preserve their nutrient content and can complement other other healthy habits that support NAD+ levels

What is NMN and Why Does it Matter?

NMN is a molecule that’s essential for cellular health. It’s the main building block your body uses to make nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ for short), an important coenzyme that keeps all your cells working properly. ¹

Inside your cells, NAD+ does several important jobs:

Creates energy in cell powerhouses called mitochondria

Helps fix damaged DNA

Protects cells from harm

Helps control your sleep patterns

Activates proteins that help cells live longer

Here’s the problem: as you get older, your NAD+ levels fall dramatically. By middle age, you might have half the NAD+ you had as a young adult. ² This decline is linked to many signs of aging, like mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation. ³

Research published in scientific journals shows that NMN supplements can boost NAD+ levels, which may help reverse some aging effects. ⁴ Studies have shown improvements in metabolism, physical performance, and insulin sensitivity.

Scientists are still studying NMN in humans, but the evidence so far suggests it could help us stay healthier as we age.

Is NMN the Same as Vitamin B3?

NMN and Vitamin B3 are related but different compounds. Vitamin B3 (also called niacin or nicotinamide) must go through several steps in the body to become NMN before it can turn into NAD+.

NMN is just one step away from becoming NAD+. This makes NMN more efficient, especially as we get older when our bodies have a harder time converting earlier compounds.

Many foods that increase NAD+ also contain Vitamin B3, including fish, mushrooms, and avocados.

Food Sources of NMN Ranked by Content

Natural NMN exists in specific foods at measurable concentrations.

The following table presents 11 foods, ranked from highest to lowest amount of NMN per 100g serving. Edamame (young soybeans) tops this list, containing the highest naturally occurring NMN concentration among commonly consumed foods.

Food	NMN Content (mg/100g)	Nutritional Benefits
Edamame	0.47–1.88	Complete plant protein, fiber, folate, vitamin K, and manganese; supports heart health and hormone balance
Avocado	0.36–1.60	Monounsaturated fats, potassium, vitamin E, B vitamins, and fiber; promotes heart health and nutrient absorption
Broccoli	0.25–1.12	Vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, fiber, and sulforaphane; supports detoxification and has anti-inflammatory properties
Cabbage	0.01–0.90	Vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, and prebiotic fiber; promotes gut health and provides anti-inflammatory benefits
Tomatoes	0.26–0.90	Lycopene, potassium, vitamin C, vitamin K, and antioxidants; supports cardiovascular health and skin protection
Cucumber	0.10–0.65	High water content, vitamin K, potassium, and silica; aids hydration, digestion, and skin health
Nuts	~0.50	Protein, healthy fats, vitamin E, magnesium, and fiber; supports brain function and helps regulate cholesterol
Lean Beef	0.06–0.42	Complete protein, iron, zinc, B12, and selenium; supports energy production and immune function
Shrimp	~0.22	High-quality protein, selenium, iodine, vitamin B12, and astaxanthin; promotes thyroid function and brain health
Milk	~0.10	Calcium, protein, vitamin D, potassium, and phosphorus; supports bone health and muscle recovery
Mushrooms	≤0.01	Beta-glucans, vitamin D, selenium, B vitamins, and antioxidants; enhances immune function and provides anti-inflammatory effects

Health Benefits Associated with NMN

NMN has caught scientists’ attention as a powerful molecule that helps with healthy aging. Here are some of the most promising benefits of NMN identified in research studies:

As a precursor to NAD+, NMN supports many cellular processes that improve overall health

This compound fights aging by boosting NAD+ levels that naturally drop as we get older

Blood vessel function and circulation improve with NMN supplementation, supporting cardiovascular health ⁵

Metabolic health gets a boost through NMN’s ability to enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation ⁶

Brain function and cognition benefit from the neuroprotective properties of NMN ⁷

Cellular energy production increases as NMN supports mitochondrial function and health ⁸

Immune system function and gut health may benefit from NMN’s role in cellular repair mechanisms ⁹

Muscle performance and physical endurance can improve as NMN supports energy production in muscle tissue ¹⁰

How to Incorporate NMN-Rich Foods into Your Diet

An image of healthy foods in a heart-shaped bowl

Adding NMN-rich foods to your meals is simple. We’ll show you how to prepare these foods to get the most nutrients from them. These tasty, healthy options help support your body’s NAD+ system, which is key for staying energetic and healthy.

Cooking Methods that Preserve NMN Content

Heat, oxidation, and prolonged storage reduce NMN levels in foods. Strategic preparation preserves these valuable compounds, including:

Minimal Processing: Opt for whole, raw forms when possible since NMN can degrade with excessive processing.

Gentle Cooking: Use methods that preserve nutrients such as:

Steaming (especially for broccoli and cabbage)

Quick blanching (very brief cooking in boiling water)

Light sautéing

Avoid Over-Cooking: Prolonged boiling or high-heat roasting can reduce NMN content.

For Broccoli Specifically: The stems contain most of the NMN, so use them too. If you don’t enjoy raw broccoli, steam or boil for just 2 minutes to keep nutrients intact.

Raw When Possible: Many NMN-rich foods like cucumber, tomatoes, and avocado can be enjoyed raw, which preserves their nutrient content.

Sample Daily Menu Incorporating NMN Foods

Breakfast:

Avocado toast on whole grain bread with poached egg

Fresh cucumber slices with a sprinkle of sea salt

Green tea

Lunch:

Mixed green salad with broccoli florets, tomato wedges, and grilled salmon

Edamame side dish seasoned with light sea salt

Sliced cucumber with hummus

Dinner:

Stir-fried broccoli and shiitake mushrooms with garlic

Baked salmon with fresh tomato salsa

Side of steamed edamame pods

Snacks:

Avocado with lemon juice and light seasoning

Sliced cucumbers with hummus or guacamole

Fresh tomato wedges with olive oil and herbs

Raw broccoli florets with yogurt dip

Edamame sprinkled with sea salt

This approach is simple: include several NMN-rich foods in your daily meals to naturally boost your intake. Plus, these natural sources of NMN contain other nutrients that work well together.

Can You Get Enough NMN from Food Alone?

While eating foods with NMN is healthy, they simply don’t contain enough to match the amounts that show benefits in research.

Natural food sources only have trace amounts of NMN—much less than the 250-1200 mg daily doses that scientists have found helpful in studies.

Your body also quickly uses up NMN after you eat it, making it hard to maintain high levels through food alone.

Aging creates another challenge. As you get older, your body becomes less efficient at converting nutrients into NAD+.

Although a nutrient-rich diet is essential for overall health, supplements provide the most direct way to reach the NMN levels needed for NAD+ support.

NMN Supplements: Bridging the Dietary Gap

Our diets simply don’t provide enough NAD+ building blocks, which becomes a bigger problem as we age. Since our bodies produce up to 50% less NAD+ by middle age, supplements can provide the extra support we need.

For a straightforward approach to increasing NAD+, Pure NMN Powder offers a highly pure option (over 99.5%) that your body can easily use. This powder becomes NAD+ in just one step and contains no extra ingredients.

If you want more complete cellular support, try Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster. This specially formulated supplement combines NMN with D-ribose, niacinamide, and creatine monohydrate to boost both NAD+ levels and ATP (cellular energy).

Beyond Diet: Other Ways to Support NAD+ Levels

While supplementation provides the most direct path to increasing NAD+ levels, it’s most effective when combined with other lifestyle practices that support NAD+:

Regular exercise stimulates NAD+ production through metabolic demand

Intermittent fasting has been shown to increase NAD+ by activating sirtuins

Quality sleep supports proper NAD+ cycling and utilization

Stress management prevents excessive NAD+ depletion

Limiting alcohol consumption preserves NAD+ stores that would otherwise be used for alcohol metabolism

Reducing UV exposure prevents NAD+ depletion from DNA repair processes

This integrated approach—combining dietary sources, targeted supplementation, and supportive lifestyle factors—creates the most robust foundation for maintaining optimal NAD+ levels throughout life.

Remember, the goal isn’t simply to increase a biomarker but to support the cellular mechanisms that sustain vitality and function as we age.

Referenced Sources:

An image of a healthy woman taking supplement

NMN Dosage Guide: How to Safely Take NMN

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 14, 2025. Posted in NAD, NAD+, NMN. No Comments on NMN Dosage Guide: How to Safely Take NMN

Figuring out the right NMN dosage isn’t just about following what others do. It’s about finding what works best for your body.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN for short) has caught the attention of scientists because it might help boost health and slow aging by increasing NAD+ levels in your cells.

Some people take as little as 250 mg daily, while some research studies use much higher doses of 1200 mg per day.

This raises three big questions: How much NMN should you take? When should you take it? And how can you tell if your dose is working?

This guide will walk you through what science says about NMN dosing and help you make smart choices for your health goals. Remember to always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Key Takeaways

Recommended NMN dosages fall between 250-1000 mg daily
Start with a lower dose (250 mg) regardless of age, and gradually increase after 2 weeks based on your body’s response and personal factors (age, weight, metabolic health)
Take NMN in the morning to align with your body’s natural NAD+ cycle, with or without food
Testing your NAD+ levels before and during supplementation will help personalize your dosage
NMN shows minimal side effects at studied doses (up to 1200 mg), with occasional mild digestive discomfort or headaches that typically subside as your body adjusts

Recommended NMN Dosage Ranges

An image of a woman hand getting supplements

The normal range for NMN is between 250 mg and 1000 mg each day. Scientists have studied doses from 150 mg to 1200 mg daily with no major side effects reported. ¹

For most people, it’s best to start small and slowly increase based on how your body responds.

If you’re new to NMN, begin with 250 mg daily, regardless of your age. This conservative starting point allows your body to adjust and helps identify any potential sensitivities. After an initial adjustment period of approximately 2 weeks, you can consider increasing your dosage if desired.

For those under 35 years of age, a starting dose of 250 mg daily is recommended, with the option to increase up to 500 mg after the initial adjustment period.

If you’re over 35, you may start with 250-500 mg daily and potentially increase up to 1000 mg depending on your individual response and health goals. This upper limit is the amount recommended by Harvard researcher Dr. David Sinclair.

Your optimal dosage will depend on several personal factors:

Your age (older individuals often do better with higher doses)

Your weight

Metabolic health status

Baseline NAD+ levels

Other supplements in your regimen

Studies on humans show benefits at 300-900 mg daily for increasing NAD+ levels. ² These middle-range doses usually give the best balance of benefits and cost.

Importantly, taking NMN supplements without measuring your baseline NAD+ levels is like driving in the dark without headlights. Jinfiniti’s Intracellular NAD® Test measures your cellular NAD+ levels over time, giving you concrete evidence that your supplements are actually working and allowing you to better adjust your dosage.

Note that 1200 mg daily represents the maximum studied limit, which should not be exceeded regardless of weight or age.

Quick Reference NMN Dosage Table

Here are the general dosage ranges for safe and effective NMN supplementation:

Age Group	Starting Dose	Potential Increase	Notes
Under 35 years	250mg daily	Up to 500mg after 2 weeks	Increase based on how you feel
Over 35 years	250-500mg daily	Up to 1000mg	Increase based on your response, recommended by Dr. David Sinclair
General range	250mg – 1000mg daily	–	Supported by most research
Maximum limit	1200mg daily	–	Don’t exceed this amount regardless of weight or age

How to Take NMN for the Best Results

An image of a matured woman taking supplements

The timing of when you take NMN supplements can impact how well they work. Being consistent is most important, but fine-tuning your routine helps you get the most from this powerful NAD+ precursor.

Best Time to Take NMN

Morning is generally the best time to take NMN. Taking it first thing in the morning on an empty stomach works with your body’s natural NAD+ production cycle.

NAD+ levels naturally peak in the morning, and morning doses can give you steady energy and mental clarity throughout the day. This timing also works well if you’re doing intermittent fasting.

Some research shows taking NMN about six hours after waking (around lunchtime) might work better for younger people. ³

It’s usually not a good idea to take NMN in the evening. Since NMN helps with cellular energy production, taking it too close to bedtime might disrupt your sleep. That said, everyone’s different – some people actually sleep better with evening doses because NMN might help support circadian rhythms. ⁴

With or Without Food?

NMN is water-soluble, meaning it can be absorbed well whether taken with food or on an empty stomach.

Taking NMN on an empty stomach might help your body absorb more of it since there aren’t other nutrients competing for absorption. However, if you experience digestive discomfort, it’s best to take it with a meal.

If you’re taking NMN with other supplements, you might need to take them with food. For example, if you’re combining NMN with Resveratrol (a popular pairing), it’s better to take them with fatty foods like yogurt or eggs to help your body absorb the Resveratrol.

Best Form of NMN

Clinical studies have mainly tested oral forms of NMN—capsules and powders—and shown they’re absorbed well through the digestive system. These are still the most trusted and researched ways to take NMN.

Powder is the best form if you want to easily control your dosage. With NMN powder, you can precisely measure how much you’re taking and adjust as needed.

Newer options like liposomal formulations, oral sprays, and nasal sprays don’t have as much research backing them up yet.

When choosing an NMN supplement, consider factors like purity (aim for pharmaceutical-grade with 98-99% purity), third-party testing, and what other ingredients are included.

Jinfiniti’s Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster Powder combines 99.5+% pure NMN with D-ribose, niacinamide, and creatine monohydrate to optimize NAD levels more effectively than NMN alone.

Managing Potential Side Effects of NMN

An image of a matured woman consulting to a doctor

Like any supplement, NMN can cause some side effects, though most people handle it well. Taking 250-500mg daily usually causes few or no problems, with only some people reporting minor stomach issues.

Studies of higher doses (over 1000mg) haven’t found major safety problems in the short term. Researchers have studied people taking 1250mg repeatedly and found no serious side effects. ⁵

Some users do experience headaches, dizziness, or a feeling of warmth in their face. These effects typically don’t last long and improve as your body adjusts or if you take a smaller amount.

Since we don’t have much research on very high doses yet, it’s smart to stick with amounts that have been tested and shown to be safe.

If you have ongoing nausea, stomach pain, or headaches, you might need to reduce your dose. While some discomfort when starting NMN is normal, symptoms that continue or get worse are a sign to make changes.

Lowering your dose often solves the problem. If symptoms persist even after taking less, stop the supplement and talk with your healthcare provider.

Why NMN Dosage Varies from Person to Person

An image of two women taking supplements

Age isn’t the only thing that determines how much NMN you should take. Here are other important factors:

Weight: Your body mass affects how supplements spread throughout your system. People with higher body weight typically need higher doses to reach similar cellular concentrations of NMN.

Health Conditions: Certain metabolic conditions can impact NAD+ metabolism. People with diabetes, cardiovascular issues, or inflammatory conditions might process NMN differently and may need personalized dosing strategies.

Genetic Factors: Your genetic makeup plays a key role in NAD+ metabolism. Variations in genes like NAMPT (which helps convert nicotinamide to NMN) can affect how efficiently your body uses NMN supplements.

Activity Level: People who are more physically active may benefit from higher dosages, as exercise temporarily depletes NAD+ stores during energy production.

Medication Interactions: Some medications may influence NAD+ pathways or compete with similar absorption mechanisms. Always check with a healthcare provider if you take prescription medications.

The best approach is to start low, watch how your body responds, and consider direct NAD+ testing to objectively measure your supplement’s effectiveness rather than just following general recommendations.

NMN Dosing 101: How Much NMN Should You Take?

The right NMN dose isn’t set in stone—it’s a dynamic process that changes with your body’s needs.

Start with a conservative dose (250-500mg daily for most adults) and pay attention to how you feel. Energy levels, sleep quality, and recovery time can all be helpful indicators.

Don’t be afraid to adjust your dose gradually. Keep a simple journal of your experience, noting any changes in how you feel.

Getting your NAD+ levels tested every few months can provide concrete data on how well your supplementation is working.

Remember that consistency matters more than high doses. Your body responds better to steady, appropriate amounts of NMN rather than occasional mega-doses.

If you’re not seeing the benefits you expected after 2-3 months, talk with a healthcare provider who understands NAD+ metabolism before making significant changes to your regimen.

Referenced Sources:

A fit woman doing machine flys in the gym

Why NAD+ Matters for Bodybuilding and Muscle Growth

Written by Jinfiniti Science on March 12, 2025. Posted in NAD+, Muscle Loss and Weakness, NAD.

NAD+ has become a hot topic in health science research. This important molecule exists in every cell of your body and helps with energy production, cellular repair, and the aging process.

If you want to maintain muscle strength, whether you’re an athlete, bodybuilder or simply worry about mobility as you age, understanding NAD+ could make a big difference.

Recent studies show that NAD+ plays key roles in muscle development, performance, and recovery. This knowledge helps explain why muscles get weaker as we age and offers clues about how to prevent this decline.

Let’s explore how NAD+ affects muscle growth and what you can do to maintain your strength throughout life.

Key Takeaways

NAD+ carries electrons for cellular energy production and serves as fuel for enzymes that regulate muscle health
Satellite cells, which are stem cells that repair muscles, need enough NAD+ to work properly during the healing process
NAD+ levels drop as we age, contributing to muscle loss (sarcopenia) and decreased physical abilities
Regular exercise, especially combining cardio and strength training, naturally increases NAD+ by boosting NAMPT production
NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR have shown promising results in clinical studies for improving muscle insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function, and overall muscle performance

Why NAD+ Is Important for Muscle Function

NAD+ (short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) serves as your cells’ energy transport system.

Found in almost every cell in your body, this vital molecule is particularly important for healthy muscle function. NAD+ works behind the scenes to convert the nutrients you consume into energy your body can readily use for all its activities.

How NAD+ Works in Muscles

During exercise, your muscles need quick energy. NAD+ is key in this process, helping convert nutrients into ATP—the energy currency that powers muscle contractions, helps muscles recover, and supports growth.

NAD+ also serves as fuel for key enzymes¹:

Sirtuins: These proteins regulate cell health and help muscles adapt to exercise
PARPs: These enzymes fix DNA damage when muscles experience stress

Your muscles maintain NAD+ levels through two main pathways: building it from scratch using tryptophan (an amino acid), or recycling existing materials through the salvage pathway². An enzyme called NAMPT is key in this recycling process, converting nicotinamide into NMN, which your body then turns into NAD+.

When NAD+ levels drop, your mitochondria (the powerhouses of your cells) can’t function well³. This results in decreased energy production, weaker muscle performance, and limited recovery ability.

Maintaining healthy NAD+ levels isn’t just for improving athletic performance, it’s necessary for basic muscle function as you age.

A woman bodybuilder in the gym doing dumbbell bicep curls

NAD+ Decline and Muscle Aging

One of the most reliable changes in aging bodies is the gradual decrease in NAD+ levels, with skeletal muscles showing particularly dramatic effects. This NAD+ reduction sets off a chain reaction that leads to sarcopenia—the progressive loss of muscle mass and function that typically starts after age 30.

Researchers have found that NAD+ in muscles can fall by approximately 50% between young adulthood and old age⁴. This decline isn’t just a side effect of aging but appears to directly cause several muscle aging markers:

Fewer and less efficient mitochondria
Weaker muscle fibers with reduced strength
Impaired ability to rebuild muscle after injury or workouts
Decreased exercise capacity and longer recovery periods

The drop in NAD+ happens for several reasons: the NAMPT enzyme (which recycles NAD+) becomes less effective, while NAD+-consuming enzymes like CD38 become more active⁵. These changes impact many cellular functions, from energy production to the signaling networks essential for maintaining healthy muscle tissue.

NAD+ in Muscle Repair and Recovery

Muscle growth in bodybuilding relies heavily on the ability to repair and regenerate muscle fibers post-exercise.

NAD+ is a key player in these processes, helping muscles repair and rebuild after exercise or injury. This repair process relies on satellite cells, which are like stem cells specifically for skeletal muscles.

When muscles get damaged from intense workouts or injuries, satellite cells need to activate, multiply, and transform to fix the damaged tissue. NAD+ affects this process in important ways:

Starting the Repair Process

NAD+ works as a metabolic signal that helps satellite cells switch from resting to active. An enzyme called SIRT1 uses NAD+ to make changes to genes, essentially turning energy information into instructions for cell development⁶.

Providing Energy for Muscle Regeneration

Rebuilding muscle requires lots of energy. NAD+ ensures satellite cells have enough fuel to go through all the complex changes needed for effective repair.

Research has shown that:

When NAD+ levels drop, muscles can’t repair themselves well⁷
Restoring NAD+ levels helps protect muscles from damage⁸
Increasing NAD+ production leads to better recovery after injury⁹

The pathways that create NAD+, especially those involving nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRK1 and NRK2), are particularly important for determining what kind of muscle fibers develop during repair¹⁰. These pathways support both immediate recovery and long-term improvements in muscle strength.

Interestingly, NAD+ levels affect not just whether muscles can repair themselves, but also what type of muscle fibers form during recovery—influencing both strength and endurance of the rebuilt muscle.

An older man lifting a kettlebell in the gym

Practical Ways to Boost NAD+

As scientists learn more about NAD+ and muscle health, they’ve discovered several effective strategies to maintain or increase NAD+ levels, especially as we age.

These approaches target different parts of NAD+ metabolism, offering multiple ways to improve muscle function and recovery.

NAD+ Precursor Supplements

The most direct approach is taking supplements that your body uses to build NAD+:

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN):

This direct NAD+ precursor shows promising results in studies.

NMN supplements have been found to improve muscle insulin sensitivity, helping with insulin signaling and healthy muscle remodeling. In older mice,
NMN improves blood flow to muscles by enhancing blood vessel function and reducing arterial stiffness, which helps with exercise performance.
Human studies show improvements in walking speed and overall muscle function in older adults taking NMN.

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR):

Research shows NR effectively increases NAD+ levels in skeletal muscle, improving mitochondrial function and energy metabolism.
Clinical trials have shown that NR supplements can boost NAD+ levels in the muscle tissue of elderly people, potentially benefiting metabolic health and muscle function.

Lifestyle Changes

Supplements work best when combined with lifestyle strategies that naturally support NAD+ production:

Exercise: Both weight training and cardio increase NAMPT expression and NAD+ production genes. Regular physical activity creates a positive cycle—improved NAD+ levels enhance exercise capacity, which further supports NAD+ production.

Strategic Nutrition: Some foods contain NAD+ precursors or support NAD+ metabolism, including milk, fish, mushrooms, green vegetables, and whole grains. Eating these foods alongside supplements may create enhanced benefits.

Caloric Restriction and Intermittent Fasting: These eating patterns have been shown to increase NAD+ levels by activating NAMPT and supporting cellular stress resistance mechanisms that preserve muscle health.

For people facing specific muscle issues—like age-related muscle loss or recovery from intense training—combining precursor supplements with lifestyle improvements offers the most complete strategy for maintaining optimal NAD+ levels and supporting long-term muscle health.

NAD+: Your Muscles’ Best Friend for Life

The NAD+ and muscle health connection represents one of the most promising areas in longevity science today. This essential molecule influences everything about how your muscles function—energy production, performance, repair processes, and maintaining strength with age.

Research clearly shows that keeping healthy NAD+ levels is essential for maintaining mobility, strength, and independence throughout your life.

The great news about NAD+ is that you can improve your levels through specific supplements. But before starting, it’s smart to know where you stand.

The Intracellular NAD® Test from Jinfiniti gives you this important information—letting you establish your starting point and track improvements.

For those looking to optimize their NAD+ levels, Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster offers a scientifically formulated solution. that combines NMN with creatine monohydrate for complete muscle support. NMN helps your body produce more NAD+, while creatine directly boosts muscle energy storage (ATP), helps build muscle, and enhances physical performance. Together, they improve both your energy metabolism and muscle development.

Jinfiniti’s T-A-O method—Test, Act, and Optimize—provides a simple framework. By testing your NAD+ levels and adjusting supplementation based on your results, you’re making an investment in muscle health that will benefit you for decades.

Author: Jinfiniti Science

Creatine Confusion: How to Choose the Best Form and Type

Key Takeaways

What Is Creatine and Why Does It Matter?

Types of Creatine at a Glance

Creatine Monohydrate: The Gold Standard

Real Performance Results

Unmatched Cost-Effectiveness

Creatine Hydrochloride and Alternative Forms

Creatine HCl: Solubility Claims vs. Clinical Reality

Creatine ATP (Disodium ATP Complex)

Buffered Creatine (Kre-Alkalyn): Stability Claims Examined

Creatine Ethyl Ester: Cellular Uptake Evidence

Liquid and Effervescent Forms: Stability Challenges

Creatine Chelates

Choosing the Best Creatine Supplement

Quality Indicators

The Right Form for You

Tips for Safely Using Creatine

Managing Digestive Comfort

Safety Facts

Water and Weight

Dosing Guidelines

Creatine for Different Populations

Weight-Class Athletes

Vegetarians and Vegans

Older Adults

Medical Considerations

The Final Scoop: What’s the Best Type of Creatine?

Referenced Sources:

10 Ways to Increase Your NAD+ Levels

Key Takeaways

Why NAD+ Matters

10 Evidence-Based Ways to Boost NAD+ Levels

What is NAD+ and Why Does it Matter?

What Causes NAD+ Levels to Drop?

10 Ways to Increase Your Body’s NAD+ Levels

1. Exercise Regularly

2. Focus on Diet and Nutrition

3. Practice Fasting and Calorie Restriction

4. Supplement with NAD+ Precursors

5. Manage Daily Stress

6. Use Saunas and Cold Therapy

7. Try a Ketogenic Diet

8. Optimize Your Sleep

9. Reduce Alcohol Consumption

10. Practice Sun Safety

Your Blueprint for Boosting NAD+

FAQs

Are There Any Side Effects to Increasing NAD+ Levels?

Can Young People Benefit from NAD+ Optimization?

Is There a Way to Test My NAD+ Levels?

Can I Overdo NAD+ Boosting?

What Other Supplements Might Support NAD levels?

Does Gut Health Impact NAD+?

Referenced Sources

Creatine After 40: Safety and Best Options for Older Adults

Key Takeaways

Why Creatine Matters After 40: The Science

Benefits of Creatine for Aging Adults

Muscle Mass and Strength

Bone Support

Join 50,000+ Health Optimizers

Brain Function

Heart Health

Reduced Inflammation

Safety Profile: What the Research Shows

Creatine Dosing Strategies by Age Group

Creatine Forms: Making the Right Choice

Creatine FAQs

Is creatine beneficial for women over 40?

Is creatine safe for seniors and the elderly?

Will creatine cause water retention or bloating in older adults?

Is creatine supplementation safe for my kidneys if I’m over 60?

Is creatine safe with blood pressure medications?

How can I reduce digestive discomfort from creatine?

Is creatine beneficial without resistance training?

Should vegetarians adjust creatine intake?

Referenced Sources:

NMN for Athletic Performance: What Does Science Say?