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Reviewing Andrew Huberman’s Supplement Routine in 2025

Stanford University neuroscientist Dr. Andrew Huberman takes supplementation to another level. His protocol includes over 25 different compounds, each carefully timed and cycled based on the latest research.

But here’s the million-dollar question: Is this extensive routine worth following? Or is it overkill for the average person?

Let’s break down his complete supplement stack and see which ones deserve a spot in your cabinet.

Andrew Huberman’s Complete Supplement Routine

Here’s everything the Stanford professor takes with known dosages:

Foundation Supplements:

  • Vitamin D3 (5,000-10,000 IU)
  • Vitamin K2
  • AG1 (Athletic Greens)
  • Omega-3 fatty acids (2-3g EPA)

Testosterone Support:

  • Tongkat Ali (400 mg)
  • Fadogia Agrestis (600 mg)
  • Zinc (15 mg)
  • Boron (2-4 mg)

Sleep Stack:

  • Magnesium L-Threonate (140 mg)
  • L-Theanine (100-300 mg)
  • Apigenin (50 mg)
  • Inositol (900 mg) – occasional
  • GABA (100 mg) – occasional
  • Glycine (2g) – occasional

Cognitive Enhancement:

  • Alpha-GPC (300-600 mg)
  • Creatine Monohydrate (5g)
  • L-Tyrosine (500-1,000 mg)
  • Phenylethylamine (500 mg)

Longevity Support:

  • NMN (1-2g)
  • NR (500 mg)
  • L-Glutamine (1-10g)

Stress Management:

  • Ashwagandha (cycled)
  • Rhodiola Rosea
  • Grapeseed Extract (400-800 mg)

Others:

  • Ginger Root (during meals for digestion)
  • Digestive Enzymes (during meals for digestion)
  • Caffeine
  • N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) (taken to fight off colds)

Now let’s examine each category to see what’s worth your investment.

Foundation Supplements: The Non-Negotiables

Dr. Huberman’s supplement philosophy begins with establishing a robust nutritional foundation through what he terms “base supplements.”

These form the cornerstone of his daily routine and are designed to address fundamental physiological needs that diet alone may not adequately fulfill.

Vitamin D3: The Hormone Disguised as a Vitamin

vitamin d3 pills

Huberman takes 5,000-10,000 IU daily, viewing it as a steroid hormone rather than just a vitamin. It modulates over 1,000 gene expression pathways.

The Science Says: Rock-solid evidence for immune function, mood, and bone health. Most people are deficient1.

Vitamin K2: The Calcium Traffic Controller

He pairs K2 with D3 to prevent calcium from depositing in arteries.

The Science Says: Good evidence for cardiovascular protection when combined with D32.

AG1 (Athletic Greens): The Everything Supplement

Athletic greens powder on a white table

Huberman’s used this greens powder for over 12 years. It contains 75 vitamins, minerals, and adaptogens.

The Science Says: Convenient but expensive. Individual ingredients have evidence, but the blend lacks specific research.

Omega-3s: Brain Food

He targets 2-3 grams of EPA daily through fish oil since he doesn’t eat much fish.

The Science Says: Overwhelming evidence for brain health, inflammation reduction, and cardiovascular benefits4.

Testosterone Support: The Male Optimization Stack

Bodybuilder lifting dumbbells in a dimly lit gym

Huberman’s approach to hormonal health centers on supporting testosterone levels through a carefully selected combination of botanicals and minerals.

Tongkat Ali: The Natural T-Booster

At 400 mg daily, this forms the backbone of his testosterone strategy.

The Science Says: Studies show up to 37% testosterone increase in men5. Less research in women.

Fadogia Agrestis: The Experimental Edge

He cycles 600 mg for 8 weeks on, 2 weeks off due to potential toxicity concerns.

The Science Says: Animal studies only. No human safety data. Reports of testicular toxicity at high doses6.

Zinc and Boron: The Supporting Minerals

Basic minerals for increasing testosterone production at 15 mg zinc and 2-4 mg boron.

The Science Says: Good evidence, especially if deficient.

The Sleep Stack: Engineering Perfect Rest

Middle aged man sleeping in bed next to a sleep aid supplement

Huberman’s sleep supplement plan uses several natural compounds that work together to improve sleep quality.

Magnesium L-Threonate: The Brain-Penetrating Relaxer

His foundation at 140 mg before bed. This form crosses the blood-brain barrier effectively.

The Science Says: Strong evidence for sleep quality and cognitive function7.

L-Theanine: Nature’s Chill Pill

He takes 100-300 mg to increase GABA and alpha brain waves.

The Science Says: Good evidence for relaxation without drowsiness8.

Apigenin: Chamomile’s Active Compound

50 mg from this flavonoid provides mild sedation.

The Science Says: Limited human studies but promising mechanism9.

The Occasionals: Inositol, GABA, Glycine

He keeps these as backup options for particularly rough nights.

The Science Says: Mixed evidence. Individual responses vary greatly.

Cognitive Function: The Brain Boosters

Man reading a book sipping his morning coffee

Huberman uses specific supplements that help improve brain function, focus, memory, and learning.

Alpha-GPC: The Focus Enhancer

300-600 mg taken 3-5 times weekly for acetylcholine support.

The Science Says: Good evidence for focus and memory. May raise TMAO levels with daily use10.

Creatine: Not Just for Muscles

5 grams daily for brain energy and neuroprotection.

The Science Says: Excellent evidence for both physical and cognitive benefits11.

L-Tyrosine and Phenylethylamine: The Dopamine Boosters

Used sparingly for focus enhancement.

The Science Says: Works acutely but tolerance builds quickly.

Longevity Support: The Anti-Aging Arsenal

Older man looks out onto the water holding a book

NMN and NR: The NAD+ Precursors

He takes 1-2g NMN and 500 mg NR daily for cellular energy.

The Science Says: Research shows NAD+ levels decline with age, affecting cellular energy production. Precursors like NMN and NR can help restore these levels.

Our Verdict: Worth considering for energy and cellular health. However, NAD+ levels vary dramatically between individuals. Testing your baseline helps ensure you’re taking the right dose. Our Vitality NAD+ Booster combines multiple precursors with a precise formulation designed to optimize NAD+ levels when paired with CLIA-Certified NAD+ Test.

L-Glutamine: The Immune Support

1-10 grams for immune function and gut health.

The Science Says: Good evidence for gut healing12 and immune support during stress.

Stress Management: The Adaptogen Approach

Man looking happy sitting outside

Ashwagandha: The Cortisol Controller

He cycles this carefully, avoiding morning use to preserve natural cortisol rhythms.

The Science Says: Strong evidence for stress reduction13. Can blunt exercise adaptations.

Rhodiola: The Fatigue Fighter

Pre-workout for reducing perceived exertion.

The Science Says: Good evidence for fatigue reduction and mood14.

The Timing Makes the Magic

Huberman’s protocol isn’t just about what to take—it’s when to take it.

Morning supplements align with natural hormone patterns. Sleep supplements go down 30-60 minutes before bed. He avoids cortisol suppressors before exercise.

This attention to timing maximizes benefits while respecting circadian biology.

The Testing Philosophy

Like Rhonda Patrick, Huberman emphasizes blood work. He tests before starting any hormone-supporting supplement and again after 8 weeks.

For deeper insights, comprehensive panels like our AgingSOS® Advanced Panel can reveal cellular aging markers beyond standard blood work.

AgingSOS Mini Promo

Quality Over Quantity

Huberman partners with companies that provide third-party testing and pharmaceutical-grade purity. No shortcuts on quality.

This matters because supplement quality varies wildly. Stick to reputable brands that test their products.

The Bottom Line: Our Recommendations

If Huberman’s 25+ supplement stack seems overwhelming, here’s what actually matters:

Must-Haves:

  1. Omega-3s – The evidence is undeniable
  2. Vitamin D3 – Especially if you’re indoors often
  3. Magnesium – L-threonate for sleep, glycinate for general use
  4. Creatine – Cheap, safe, effective

Worth Considering:

  • L-Theanine – For sleep and daytime calm
  • Alpha-GPC – For cognitive demands (cycled)
  • Quality multivitamin – If diet needs support
  • Vitamin K2 – If taking high-dose D3
  • NAD+ precursors – For cellular energy and healthy aging

Approach With Caution:

  • Tongkat Ali – Only if testosterone is genuinely low
  • Ashwagandha – Strategic use only

Skip These:

  • Fadogia Agrestis – No human safety data
  • Multiple sleep aids – Start with magnesium and L-theanine
  • Daily nootropics – Save for special occasions

Making It Practical

Huberman’s routine works for him because he has the time, resources, and knowledge to manage complexity. You probably don’t need all of this.

Start with the basics. Add strategically based on your specific needs and goals. Test regularly to see what’s working.

Remember: more isn’t always better. The best supplement routine is one you can maintain consistently.

The Scientific Approach

Huberman’s protocol showcases the potential of strategic supplementation. But it also highlights the importance of personalization.

What works for a Stanford neuroscientist might not work for you. Start simple, test regularly, and adjust based on results.

That’s the real lesson from Huberman’s approach: treat your health like an experiment, with you as both scientist and subject.

Quality over quantity. Testing over guessing. Consistency over complexity.

Those principles will serve you better than any specific supplement stack.

Referenced Sources

  1. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15050-vitamin-d-vitamin-d-deficiency ↩︎
  2. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/7/e073233 ↩︎
  3. https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/greens-whole-foods-powders-supplements/greens/ ↩︎
  4. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/omega3-supplements-what-you-need-to-know ↩︎
  5. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1186/1550-2783-10-28 ↩︎
  6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874107005296 ↩︎
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11381753/ ↩︎
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18296328/ ↩︎
  9. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10929570/ ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8708068/ ↩︎
  11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5469049/ ↩︎
  12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213453021000112 ↩︎
  13. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Ashwagandha-HealthProfessional/ ↩︎
  14. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228580/ ↩︎
A supplement bottle of omega 3 fish oil capsules

Reviewing Rhonda Patrick’s Supplement Routine in 2025

Dr. Rhonda Patrick of FoundMyFitness has become a trusted voice in the longevity space. With a Ph.D. in biomedical science and years of research under her belt, she’s built a supplement routine that’s both scientifically rigorous and refreshingly practical.

Unlike some biohackers who take 27+ supplements daily, Patrick takes a more measured approach. She focuses on evidence-based supplements that address common deficiencies and support cellular health.

Let’s dive into her complete routine and see which supplements are worth your money.

Dr. Rhonda Patrick’s Complete Supplement List

Here’s everything Dr. Rhonda Patrick takes in 2025 with known dosages:

Daily Core Supplements:

Evening Supplements:

  • MagnesiOm (magnesium blend with L-theanine)
  • Melatonin (10 mg)

Situational Supplements:

  • Glutamine (training days)
  • Protein powder (as needed)
  • Collagen powder
  • Liposomal vitamin C (illness exposure)
  • Zinc lozenges (illness exposure)
  • Probiotics (post-antibiotics)
  • Curcumin (occasional)
  • Iron (during menstruation)

Now let’s review each supplement to see if the science backs up her choices.

The Foundation: Multivitamin

Patrick calls her daily multivitamin “nutritional insurance.” She takes Pure Encapsulations ONE specifically for its bioavailable forms of nutrients.

The Science Says: Mixed evidence1. While multivitamins can fill nutritional gaps, most healthy adults eating a balanced diet don’t need them. However, certain populations (elderly, vegans, pregnant women) show clear benefits.

Our Verdict: Worth it if your diet isn’t perfect. Skip it if you eat a diverse, whole-foods diet.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Her Top Priority

Bottle of fish oil capsules

Patrick consumes over 2 grams of EPA and DHA from fish oil daily through Metagenics EPA DHA 2400. She’s passionate about maintaining an omega-3 index above 8%.

Here’s why: having a high omega-3 index (8% or higher) is associated with a five-year increase in life expectancy2 compared to having a low omega-3 index (4% or less).

The Science Says: Extremely strong evidence. Omega-3s reduce inflammation, support brain function, and lower cardiovascular disease risk. Most Americans are deficient.

Our Verdict: Absolutely worth it. This might be the most important supplement on her list.

Vitamin D3: The Sunshine Vitamin

She takes 6,000 IU daily to maintain blood levels between 40-60 ng/ml. Living in sunny San Diego, she still supplements year-round.

The Science Says: Strong evidence for immune function, bone health, and mood regulation3. Deficiency is widespread, especially in northern climates.

Our Verdict: Essential for most people. Get your levels tested to dial in your dose.

Vitamin K2: The Calcium Director

Patrick takes 100 mcg of K2 (MK-7 form) as “insurance” for proper calcium utilization. She pairs it with vitamin D3 for synergistic effects.

The Science Says: Good evidence for bone health and cardiovascular benefits4. K2 helps direct calcium to bones instead of arteries.

Our Verdict: Worth it if you take vitamin D3. The combo is more effective than either alone.

Magnesium: The Relaxation Mineral

Magnesium powder on wood table

She takes 120 mg of magnesium glycinate during the day, plus a magnesium blend (MagnesiOm) before bed.

The Science Says: Solid evidence for sleep quality, muscle function, and stress reduction5. Nearly half of Americans are deficient.

Our Verdict: Definitely worth it, especially for sleep and recovery.

Alpha Lipoic Acid: Mitochondrial Support

A recent addition at 600 mg daily for energy production and antioxidant properties.

The Science Says: Moderate evidence for blood sugar control and neuropathy. Some promising data on mitochondrial function. However, several cases of Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome (IAS) have been reported6.

Our Verdict: Consider it only after talking with your doctor if you have blood sugar concerns. Otherwise, optional.

PQQ: The Energy Enhancer

She takes 20 mg daily for mitochondrial health and cognitive function.

The Science Says: Limited human studies, but promising results for energy and inflammation reduction7.

Our Verdict: Expensive for modest benefits. Try it if budget allows.

Creatine: Not Just for Muscles

A tub of Jinfiniti Creatine on a well-lit kitchen counter

Patrick takes 5 grams daily for both physical and cognitive benefits.

The Science Says: Excellent evidence for strength, power, and emerging data on Creatine’s nootropic effects. One of the most studied supplements.

Our Verdict: Absolutely worth it. Cheap, safe, and effective. For enhanced benefits, consider combining creatine with ATP like in our Creatine + ATP formula, which supports both physical and mental performance.

Benfotiamine: Fighting AGEs

This fat-soluble B1 vitamin (200 mg) helps reduce Advanced Glycation End Products.

The Science Says: Good evidence for diabetic neuropathy8. Limited data for general population. May require supplementation with cofactors like magnesium and other B vitamins9.

Our Verdict: Skip unless you have blood sugar issues.

Sulforaphane: The Detox Activator

Broccoli sprouts in a container

She takes Avmacol Extra Strength to activate the NRF2 pathway for detoxification.

The Science Says: Strong evidence for detoxification pathways and potential cancer prevention10. Challenging to get therapeutic doses from food alone.

Our Verdict: Worth considering, especially if you don’t eat much broccoli or broccoli sprouts.

Cocoa Extract: Heart and Brain Food

Patrick takes Cocoavia supplements for cardiovascular and cognitive benefits.

The Science Says: Good evidence for blood flow, blood pressure, and cognitive function11.

Our Verdict: Nice to have. You could also just eat dark chocolate.

Melatonin: The Sleep Hormone

She takes a whopping 10 mg before bed – much higher than typical doses.

The Science Says: Strong evidence for sleep onset. High doses like hers are controversial but may have additional antioxidant benefits12.

Our Verdict: Start with 1-3 mg if you have sleep issues. Only go higher if needed.

The Situational Players

Collagen: She uses it for joint health. Evidence is mixed but promising for joint pain and skin health13. Worth trying if you have joint issues.

Probiotics: Only after antibiotics or alcohol. Smart approach – continuous use isn’t necessary for most people14.

Protein Powder: She prefers whey isolate from grass-fed sources. Essential if you struggle to meet protein needs.

Vitamin C & Zinc: Only during illness exposure. This targeted approach makes sense. Our Natural Vitamin C + Zinc combines the whole food form of vitamin C from amla extract with bioavailable zinc chelate for optimal immune support.

Iron: Dr. Patrick also mentions that she takes iron during menstruation in one of her videos.

What She Doesn’t Take (And Why)

Patrick avoids several trendy supplements:

  • Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): Waiting for more human research
  • Lithium: Concerns about quality control and dosing
  • Continuous probiotics: Prefers food sources like fermented foods

This selective approach shows her commitment to evidence over hype.

One notable absence from her routine is NAD+ supplementation, despite its popularity in longevity circles. This highlights an important point: NAD+ levels vary dramatically between individuals, and the same dose could be optimal, ineffective, or excessive for different people.

Without testing your baseline NAD+ levels, you’re essentially guessing at supplementation needs. For those interested in optimizing NAD+, combining our CLIA-Certified Intracellular NAD Test with clinically-validated supplementation like Vitality NAD+ Booster ensures you’re taking the right amount for your body.

Her Testing Philosophy

What sets Patrick apart is her emphasis on testing. She doesn’t just pop pills and hope for the best.

She regularly tests:

  • Omega-3 index (targeting 8%+)
  • Vitamin D levels (40-60 ng/ml)
  • General blood panels

This data-driven approach helps her adjust doses and avoid waste.

For those wanting to go deeper, comprehensive panels like our AgingSOS® Advanced Longevity Panel measure 22 biomarkers including vitamin D, cellular senescence, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This type of biomarker testing can reveal underlying cellular issues before conventional tests show problems.

AgingSOS Mini Promo

Quality Matters

Patrick sticks to trusted brands like Thorne, Pure Encapsulations, Life Extension, and Metagenics. She avoids supplements with artificial colors, fillers, and unnecessary additives.

Her quality standards remind us that not all supplements are created equal.

The Bottom Line: Our Recommendations

If you want to follow Patrick’s approach but keep it simple, here are the essentials:

Must-Haves:

  1. Omega-3s – The evidence is overwhelming
  2. Vitamin D3 – Especially in winter or if indoors often
  3. Magnesium – For sleep and overall well-being
  4. Creatine – Safe and effective muscle and brain health supplement

Worth Considering:

  • Multivitamin – If your diet needs work
  • Vitamin K2 – If taking D3
  • Sulforaphane – For detox support
  • Probiotics – After antibiotics only
  • Vitamin C & Zinc – For an immune system boost
  • Curcumin supplement – For anti-inflammatory benefits

Skip Unless Specific Needs:

  • Alpha Lipoic Acid
  • PQQ
  • Benfotiamine
  • High-dose melatonin

Making It Your Own

Patrick’s routine works for her because it’s personalized. She tests regularly and adjusts based on results.

You don’t need to copy her exactly. Start with the basics, get tested, and add supplements based on your specific needs and health goals.

Remember: supplements are meant to supplement a healthy diet, not replace it. Focus on whole foods first, then fill the gaps strategically.

Test, Act, Optimize

Patrick’s philosophy goes beyond just taking supplements. She embodies the TAO approach: Test your levels, Act with targeted supplementation, and Optimize based on results.

This scientific yet practical approach is why her routine stands out in a sea of influencer hype.

Whether you adopt her full routine or just the essentials, the key is being intentional. Don’t just follow trends – follow the evidence.

Your optimal supplement routine is the one tailored to your unique needs, backed by testing, and focused on quality over quantity.

Start simple. Test regularly. Adjust as needed.

That’s the Rhonda Patrick way – and it’s an approach worth following.

Referenced Sources

  1. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2820369 ↩︎
  2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8488873/ ↩︎
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3166406/ ↩︎
  4. https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/the-role-of-vitamin-k2-in-cardiovascular-health-18455.html ↩︎
  5. https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5410 ↩︎
  6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9824456/ ↩︎
  7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014299920303654 ↩︎
  8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3329837/ ↩︎
  9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482360/ ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10313060/ ↩︎
  11. https://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165(23)66275-6/fulltext ↩︎
  12. https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0043-119881 ↩︎
  13. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10058045/ ↩︎
  14. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/should-you-take-probiotics ↩︎
Woman holding a bowl of strawberries by the water

Fisetin: Benefits, Longevity Potential & Side Effects

Could a natural compound found in fruits like strawberries and apples help you live healthier and longer?

Fisetin is a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables making waves in the wellness world for its potential health benefits.

Why is it interesting? Fisetin is a strong antioxidant and studies suggest it could help support healthy aging and cellular function.

But what does the research really show?

We’ll get into the evidence for fisetin’s benefits, list the natural food sources, discuss supplements and what you need to know before trying it.

Key Takeaways

  • Fisetin is a natural flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables (like strawberries and apples) with strong antioxidant and senolytic properties, helping clear out old, damaged cells.
  • Research suggests fisetin supports healthy aging by reducing inflammation, protecting against oxidative stress, and potentially benefiting brain, heart, and metabolic health.
  • Studies, notably in aged mice, link fisetin to increased longevity and improved healthspan, largely attributed to its senolytic (clearance of aged cells) activity.
  • While present in foods, fisetin supplements are often used to achieve potentially therapeutic doses due to low natural concentrations and bioavailability; taking it with fat enhances absorption.

What Is Fisetin?

Fisetin is a type of flavonoid which is part of a larger group of natural plant compounds called polyphenols. It’s what gives the yellow color to foods like strawberries, apples, persimmons and onions.

But fisetin offers more than just color, it’s a strong antioxidant that protects cells from damage known as oxidative stress.1

Research also shows fisetin has other benefits like helping control inflammation, promoting cellular homeostasis (keeping cells stable), and acting as a natural senolytic – meaning it might help clear out old, aged cells from tissues.

Key Benefits of Fisetin

Infographic showing 5 anti-aging benefits of Fisetin

Fisetin may offer a wide range of benefits that support healthy aging and overall wellness. Let’s break down the key research behind this powerful senolytic compound.

Senolytic Activity

During aging, the body accumulates senescent cells: damaged cells that stop dividing but stick around. These cells create issues by releasing inflammatory compounds that disrupt normal tissue function.

Fisetin acts as a senolytic, meaning it selectively targets these troublesome senescent cells for removal.2 Getting rid of these cells helps create a healthier internal environment, supporting cellular health and tissue regeneration.

As a result, fisetin may help slow down age-related decline, improve vitality, and potentially increase healthspan through better cell function and decreased inflammation.3

Antioxidant Protection

As a powerful antioxidant, fisetin fights off free radicals that cause oxidative stress and cell damage.4 It enhances the body’s natural defenses like glutathione and superoxide dismutase.

These properties help shield cells from environmental stressors, protect DNA, and maintain cellular health, making fisetin valuable in preventing oxidative damage.

Anti-inflammatory Effects

Fisetin tackles inflammation by interacting with important cellular pathways like NF-κB and MAPK.5 These pathways are responsible for producing molecules that trigger inflammation.

Fisetin helps lower the levels of these molecules, specifically pro-inflammatory cytokines. This action supports joint health, promotes a balanced immune system, and contributes to overall well-being.

Neuroprotective Properties

Fisetin also shows promise for brain health by fighting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, two factors linked to cognitive decline.6 Research indicates it may shield neurons from damage, boost memory, and improve communication between brain cells.

These neuroprotective effects of fisetin make it a potential tool for maintaining mental clarity and cognitive performance with age.7

Metabolic and Cardiovascular Support

Fisetin may help manage blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of insulin resistance, which is a major factor in metabolic disorders.8

It has also been shown to protect the heart by fighting oxidative stress and improving blood vessel function.9 These benefits may contribute to better circulation, healthier metabolism, and improved cardiovascular health.

Fisetin’s Role in Longevity and Anti-Aging

An image of a woman consulting to a doctor about longevity and anti-aging

When it comes to healthy aging, fisetin stands out as one of nature’s most promising compounds. Research continues to reveal exciting possibilities for this plant-derived flavonoid’s impact on the aging process.

According to key findings from the Mayo Clinic:10

  • Aged mice (equivalent to 75-year-old humans) receiving fisetin lived approximately 10% longer than control groups
  • Benefits occurred even when fisetin was administered late in life

Building on our earlier discussion of fisetin’s senolytic properties, the Mayo Clinic research confirmed that by clearing these problematic senescent cells, fisetin helps restore tissue balance and reduce age-related decline across multiple organs.

A separate study demonstrated fisetin’s ability to reverse signs of premature aging in mice with shortened telomeres (protective DNA caps that diminish with age).11 Researchers identified it as a “potent senolytic drug capable of reversing premature aging signs” by:

  • Suppressing specific aging markers
  • Reducing collagen fiber buildup in tissues
  • Inhibiting cellular pathways that contribute to aging

Ready to add fisetin to your wellness routine? Jinfiniti’s SenoAid offers a targeted approach. It’s our premium senolytic supplement providing a scientifically backed blend, including fisetin, formulated to support cellular vitality and longevity.

SenoAid Mini CTA

Dietary Sources of Fisetin

An image of strawberries

Fisetin is found in various foods with strawberries containing the highest concentration. Here’s a comparison of the best sources:

FoodFisetin Content (μg/g)Amount in Typical Serving
Strawberries16016,000 μg (100g)
Apples26.94,035 μg (1 medium)
Persimmons10.61,590 μg (1 fruit)
Lotus root5.8580 μg (100g)
Onions4.8528 μg (1 medium)

While adding these foods to your diet is beneficial, food sources alone may be insufficient because:

  • Even strawberries would require large daily quantities to reach research-effective doses
  • Poor bioavailability limits absorption
  • Seasonal availability affects consistent intake
  • Dietary restrictions may limit consumption

Supplementation may provide a more reliable source for those seeking fisetin’s potential benefits, particularly its senolytic effects.

Fisetin Supplements: Dosage Guidelines

An image of supplements

Dosage: Most supplements provide 100-200 mg daily for inflammation. Some clinical trials use higher doses (~20 mg/kg body weight). Many enthusiasts follow an intermittent “hit and run” approach with periodic higher doses instead of daily use.

Fisetin is often combined with quercetin for complementary senolytic effects. Jinfiniti’s SenoAid offers a premium formulation with both compounds in optimized ratios.

Bioavailability Challenges: Fisetin’s poor bioavailability (water-insoluble and rapidly metabolized) may limit its effectiveness. Some approaches include combining with fenugreek galactomannans (claimed to increase bioavailability up to 25x), liposomal encapsulation, and nanoparticle delivery systems.

Because Fisetin has low bioavailability and metabolizes quickly in the body, you may need to take it more frequently to achieve its therapeutic effects.

How to Take Fisetin Effectively

An image of a woman taking supplement

Fisetin is a fat-soluble compound, meaning it dissolves in fats rather than water. This characteristic is key to absorbing it well.

Taking fisetin with a meal containing healthy fats significantly boosts how much your body can actually use. Foods like avocados, nuts, olive oil, or fatty fish consumed alongside your supplement help increase its bioavailability.

Taking fisetin with food generally, rather than on an empty stomach, also helps prevent digestive discomfort. For timing, consuming it with breakfast or lunch is a popular choice, allowing your body to process it during your active hours.

Potential Side Effects and Safety

A graphic image written with "side effects"

Fisetin is generally safe but can cause mild side effects. These are usually stomach issues like nausea or diarrhea, especially at higher doses. Taking fisetin with food can help minimize these and improve absorption.

Allergies to fisetin are rare but can happen, showing up as itching, swelling or rashes. Fisetin may also interact with certain medications by affecting liver enzymes and altering drug effectiveness.

Long term human studies are still being done. Consult with a healthcare provider before starting fisetin supplement especially if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding or have existing health conditions.

Final Thoughts on Fisetin

Fisetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid with remarkable potential for supporting healthy aging, cellular health, and overall wellness. 

Its senolytic properties, antioxidant effects, and ability to promote cellular renewal make it an exciting addition to longevity-focused routines.

While fisetin-rich foods like strawberries can provide small amounts, supplementation offers a more reliable way to achieve beneficial levels. 

As research continues to uncover fisetin’s full capabilities, it remains a promising tool for enhancing vitality and healthspan. Whether through diet or supplements like SenoAid, incorporating fisetin into your routine may be a step toward optimizing your wellness journey.

Referenced Sources:

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9589363/ ↩︎
  2. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.960601/full ↩︎
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10722989/ ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3689181/ ↩︎
  5. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/7/3724 ↩︎
  6. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.612078/full ↩︎
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9589363/ ↩︎
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39610486/ ↩︎
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30312797/ ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6197652/ ↩︎
  11. https://peerj.com/articles/16463/ ↩︎
Portrait of happy mature woman enjoying wonderful sunny day in nature

10 Ways to Increase Your NAD+ Levels

Aging isn’t only about getting older. It’s also about your cells running out of key resources.

One of these resources is NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a molecule that powers cellular energy production and DNA repair processes. As we age, our NAD+ levels can decrease by up to 50%, which accelerates age-related health issues.

But there’s good news. Science has found ways to increase NAD+ levels.

This complete guide gives you 10 simple, research-backed strategies to boost your NAD+ and and keep your body resilient as you age.

Why NAD+ Matters

  • Powers cellular energy production and DNA repair
  • Decreases by up to 50% with age, accelerating health issues
  • Supports mitochondria, gene activity, and cell communication
  • Low levels linked to cognitive decline, metabolic disorders, and muscle loss

10 Evidence-Based Ways to Boost NAD+ Levels

  1. Exercise Regularly
    • HIIT workouts (2-3x weekly)
    • Strength training (3x weekly)
    • Aerobic exercise (30-45 min, 4-5x weekly)
  2. Optimize Diet
    • Foods rich in B3: Milk, fish, turkey, mushrooms
    • Tryptophan sources: Eggs, nuts, chicken
    • Polyphenols: Red grapes, blueberries, dark chocolate
  3. Practice Fasting
    • 16:8 pattern (eat within 8-hour window)
    • 5:2 pattern (reduce calories 2 days/week)
    • Monthly prolonged fasting (48+ hours)
  4. NAD+ Precursor Supplements
    • NMN: 300-900mg daily
    • Nicotinamide Riboside: 250-1000mg daily
    • Niacin: Consult healthcare provider for dosage
  5. Manage Stress
    • Mindfulness meditation
    • Deep breathing exercises
    • Regular social connections
  6. Use Temperature Therapy
    • Sauna: 15-20 minutes at 170-190°F
    • Cold exposure: 1-3 minute cold showers
  7. Consider Ketogenic Diet
    • Short ketogenic periods (1-2 weeks quarterly)
    • Cyclical approach (5 keto days, 2 moderate carb days)
  8. Prioritize Sleep
    • Keep regular sleep schedule
    • Morning sunlight exposure
    • Reduce evening blue light
  9. Reduce Alcohol Consumption
    • Limit or avoid alcohol to preserve NAD+
  10. Practice Sun Safety
    • Use SPF 30+ zinc oxide sunscreen
    • Wear protective clothing
    • Avoid peak sun hours

Always consult with a healthcare professional before making significant lifestyle or supplement changes.

What is NAD+ and Why Does it Matter?

NAD+ serves as the critical energy currency for your cells. It’s a molecule that powers virtually all the metabolic processes throughout your body.

Your cells use NAD+ to:

  • Power mitochondria, your cellular energy generators
  • Repair DNA damage before mutations can form
  • Control gene activity through sirtuins, proteins associated with longer life
  • Direct stress responses that defend cells
  • Maintain communication between cells and organs

As we age, our bodies experience a steady drop in cellular and tissue NAD+ levels. This drop in NAD+ is directly connected to many diseases associated with aging, such as cognitive decline, cancer, metabolic disorders, muscle loss (sarcopenia), and overall frailty1.

What Causes NAD+ Levels to Drop?

NAD+ levels naturally decrease with age, but certain lifestyle habits significantly increase the demand for it, speeding up its depletion:

  • Aging: This is the primary driver. As years pass, our bodies naturally become less efficient at producing and recycling NAD+.
  • Alcohol: Your body needs NAD+ to process alcohol, leaving less available for normal repairs. Even a few drinks can temporarily reduce your NAD+ levels.
  • Overeating: When you consume excess calories, your body uses more NAD+ for metabolism.
  • Chronic stress: When you’re stressed for long periods, your body activates repair systems that use up NAD+ to fix DNA damage.
  • Poor sleep: Poor sleep disrupts your body’s natural daily cycles that regulate NAD+. 
  • UV exposure: Excessive sunlight exposure damages skin cells, triggering repair processes that consume lots of NAD+.
  • Inflammatory diets: Processed foods, refined sugars, and certain cooking oils can cause inflammation and cell damage, using up NAD+ during repairs.

Being aware of these factors can help you make changes to maintain your body’s natural NAD+ production.

10 Ways to Increase Your Body’s NAD+ Levels

Here are ten science-backed ways to increase NAD levels, combining natural approaches with effective dietary supplements.

NAD+ Boosting Methods

How to Boost NAD+ Levels

Exercise & Activity

  • HIIT workouts boost NAD+ production by up to 30%
  • Strength training preserves muscle mass where NAD+ is stored
  • Regular moderate activity maintains healthy baseline NAD+ levels

Implementation Tips

Start with 2-3 short HIIT sessions weekly (20-30 min), combined with 2-3 strength training sessions. Even 30 minutes of daily walking can significantly improve NAD+ metabolism.

Exercise increases NAD+ through multiple pathways. Physical activity increases expression of NAMPT, the rate-limiting enzyme in NAD+ production. Research in Cell Metabolism showed that endurance exercise specifically activates the SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway, enhancing mitochondrial function through increased NAD+/NADH ratio.

Nutritional Approaches

  • Intermittent fasting increases NAD+ by activating AMPK
  • B3-rich foods provide direct NAD+ precursors
  • Polyphenols from berries and grapes protect existing NAD+
  • Ketogenic diets improve the NAD+/NADH ratio

Implementation Tips

Try starting with a 16:8 fasting window (16 hours fasting, 8 hours eating). Incorporate foods like turkey, mushrooms, salmon, and green leafy vegetables. For polyphenols, add blueberries, red grapes, and green tea to your daily routine.

Fasting activates the cellular energy sensor AMPK, which increases NAD+ biosynthesis. A 2019 study in Cell Metabolism demonstrated that caloric restriction increases NAD+ levels in multiple tissues and enhances sirtuin activity, particularly SIRT3, which is associated with longevity benefits.

NAD+ Precursor Supplements

  • NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide): 300-900mg daily
  • NR (Nicotinamide Riboside): 250-1000mg daily
  • Niacin (Vitamin B3): Effective but may cause flushing
  • Supporting supplements: Resveratrol, Quercetin, TMG

Implementation Tips

NMN and NR are most effective when taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Starting with lower doses and gradually increasing can help minimize potential side effects like mild digestive discomfort.

Clinical trials show both NMN and NR effectively raise blood NAD+ levels. A 2022 study in Science found that NMN supplementation improved muscle insulin sensitivity and increased NAD+ levels in skeletal muscle. Resveratrol acts as a SIRT1 activator, while quercetin inhibits CD38, an enzyme that consumes NAD+.

Temperature Therapies & Sleep

  • Sauna use activates heat shock proteins that increase NAD+
  • Cold exposure stimulates brown fat and NAMPT enzyme
  • Quality sleep preserves the circadian rhythm of NAD+ production
  • Sun protection prevents UV-induced NAD+ depletion

Implementation Tips

Start with 2-3 sauna sessions weekly (10-20 minutes) or try 30-second cold showers after warm ones. Prioritize consistent sleep/wake times, morning sunlight exposure, and reduce blue light 2 hours before bedtime.

Heat stress induces NAMPT expression through HSF1 activation. Research in Cell Reports demonstrated that regular sauna use increases NAD+ levels by approximately 20% through these pathways. Cold exposure activates brown adipose tissue, which has high mitochondrial density and NAD+ turnover. The circadian rhythm governs NAMPT expression, with disrupted sleep directly impacting NAD+ synthesis.

Important Note: Before making significant changes to your diet, exercise routine, or adding supplements, always consult with a healthcare professional. They can help you create a safe and effective plan tailored to your individual needs, supporting your cellular health and longevity journey.

1. Exercise Regularly

Group exercise session at the park

Exercise is one of the most powerful natural ways to boost NAD+ levels.

HIIT workouts are especially good at boosting NAD+ levels2. Regular moderate activities like walking, biking, or swimming also help maintain healthy NAD+ levels3.

Your muscles store large amounts of NAD+, so strength training is helpful. Studies show aerobic exercise is approximately 9% more effective at increasing NAMPT4, which is the key enzyme that produces NAD+.

For maximum NAD+ benefits, try:

  • Strength training: 3 times weekly
  • Aerobic exercise: 30-45 minutes, 4-5 times weekly
  • HIIT: 20-30 minutes, 2-3 times weekly
  • Regular movement throughout each day

Remember that consistency is more important than intensity. Regular moderate exercise gives better long term NAD+ support than occasional hard workouts.

2. Focus on Diet and Nutrition

Several foods can increase NAD+ metabolism by providing building blocks and supporting its production:

  • Vitamin B3 Sources: Foods rich in B3 (niacin, niacinamide, or nicotinamide riboside) directly support NAD+ production. These include milk, fish, turkey, mushrooms, green vegetables, and whole grains.
  • Tryptophan-Rich Foods: Tryptophan can be converted to NAD+ in the body. Good sources include milk, turkey, fish, eggs, and nuts.
  • Polyphenol Foods: Resveratrol found in red grapes, blueberries, and dark chocolate activates sirtuins and may increase mitochondrial NAD+5. Quercetin in apples, onions, and green tea helps block CD38, an enzyme that uses up NAD+.
  • Diet Recommendations: Limiting processed foods and refined sugars helps maintain NAD+ levels because high sugar intake increases NAD+ demand. The Mediterranean diet with its fruits, vegetables, healthy fats, and moderate protein appears especially good for NAD+ metabolism as we age.
Infographic showing 5 ways to increase NAD+ levels naturally

3. Practice Fasting and Calorie Restriction

When you eat might matter as much as what you eat for NAD+ levels. Time-restricted eating patterns create metabolic conditions that naturally elevate NAD+ levels.

Fasting activates AMPK, your cellular "starvation sensor," which increases NAD+ by:

  • Boosting the NAMPT enzyme that recycles NAD+6
  • Shifting metabolism from carbohydrate to fat burning7, improving the NAD+/NADH ratio

This change is important because excess NADH can prevent NAD+ enzymes like sirtuins from working properly8.

Several fasting methods can boost NAD+ effectively:

  • 16:8 Pattern: Eat all meals within an 8-hour window daily (usually skip breakfast, have a late lunch and early dinner)
  • 5:2 Pattern: Eat normally five days a week while cutting calories by 75% for two non-consecutive days
  • Prolonged Fasting: Do occasional 48+ hour fasts (typically once a month)

4. Supplement with NAD+ Precursors

Taking NAD+ precursor supplements offers a straightforward way to increase cellular NAD+ levels. This becomes more important as we age since our natural production decreases.

Vitality NAD+ Booster promotional image

Research strongly supports three main precursors:

  • Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): NMN converts to NAD+ in just one enzyme step. Clinical research found that taking a daily NMN dosage between 300-900mg increased blood NAD+ levels, with 600mg giving the best results9. Participants showed better physical performance and improved health without any safety concerns.
  • Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): NR is a smaller molecule than NMN and enters cells through specific carriers. Human studies have confirmed that NR safely increases NAD+ levels when taken at doses between 250 and 1000mg daily10.
  • Niacin (Nicotinic Acid): Niacin is vitamin B3 and the most affordable NAD+ precursor. Research published in Cell Metabolism in 2020 showed that niacin supplements increased blood NAD+ levels up to 8 times11, potentially helping conditions linked to low NAD+.

Always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.

5. Manage Daily Stress

A serene lakeside scene with a woman sitting on lush green grass at the water's edge

Chronic stress increases body inflammation, which quickly depletes NAD+. During inflammatory responses, immune cells produce more CD38, an enzyme that breaks down NAD+12.

Stress hormones like cortisol also alter metabolic pathways, disrupting the balance between NAD+ production and consumption.

Stress management techniques help maintain NAD+ levels:

  • Mindfulness meditation reduces inflammation markers connected to NAD+ depletion
  • Deep breathing exercises activate the "rest-and-digest" nervous system, lowering stress hormone production
  • Social connections reduce biological stress markers that deplete NAD+
  • Time outdoors lowers stress hormones and inflammation markers

6. Use Saunas and Cold Therapy

Heat and cold exposure can raise NAD+ levels through specific processes in your cells.

When you take a sauna, the high temperature activates special heat shock proteins that repair cell damage. These proteins trigger enzymes that produce NAD+ directly13 and even protect your heart14.

Cold exposure works differently. It activates brown fat, a type of fat that burns energy instead of storing it. This process increases NAD+ by stimulating the NAMPT enzyme15.

For maximum benefits, try:

  • Traditional sauna sessions (170 to 190°F) for 15 to 20 minutes
  • Infrared sauna sessions (120 to 140°F) for 20 to 30 minutes
  • Hot baths (104 to 108°F) for 20 minutes if saunas are not available
  • Cold showers (50 to 60°F) for 1 to 3 minutes or ice baths (50 to 59°F) for 2 to 5 minutes

7. Try a Ketogenic Diet

Ketogenic diets can increase NAD+ levels through key metabolic changes. These low carb, high fat diets make your body burn fat instead of glucose, producing ketones for fuel.

This metabolic shift increases the NAD+/NADH ratio in your cells16. When you eat fewer carbs, your body makes less NADH during glycolysis. This leaves more NAD+ available for important cell functions like sirtuin activation and DNA repair.

If you want to try ketogenic approaches for NAD+ benefits without completely changing your diet, consider these options:

  • Short ketogenic periods (1-2 weeks every three months)
  • Cyclical ketogenic eating (5 keto days, 2 moderate carb days)
  • Ketone supplements with lower carb intake

Remember that long term strict ketogenic diets can be difficult for many people. Cyclical approaches might be more sustainable for improving NAD+ levels.

8. Optimize Your Sleep

A woman sleeping peacefully

NAD+ levels rise and fall with sleep patterns, showing a strong relationship between sleep habits and NAD+ function17.

Sleep allows your body to repair itself, a process that relies heavily on NAD+. Research shows that your circadian rhythm directly influences NAD+ levels18.

To preserve NAD+ levels and optimize natural rhythms:

  • Keep regular sleep hours to synchronize NAD+ production
  • Get sunlight in the morning to reset your body clock that affects NAD+ creation
  • Reduce blue light exposure at night to protect melatonin and NAD+ cycles
  • Schedule meals earlier since late night eating disrupts NAD+ metabolism

9. Reduce Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol severely lowers NAD+ levels in your body, particularly when blood alcohol levels are high or during excessive drinking episodes19. Your body needs NAD+ to process alcohol, which changes it into NADH and disrupts the balance between these important molecules.

When NAD+ levels fall, your cells struggle to produce energy, fix damaged DNA, regulate genes, and combat oxidative stress. This can cause liver problems and other alcohol related health complications.

Limiting or avoiding alcohol helps preserve your body's NAD+ supply, leading to better cellular function and improved health overall.

10. Practice Sun Safety

A woman applying sunscreen on her arm

UV radiation quickly reduces NAD+ levels in skin cells, with noticeable drops just one hour after exposure20. This creates a cellular competition as UV damage activates both NAD+ production and consumption processes at the same time.

Studies show that when protective substances are added after UV exposure, cells can quickly restore NAD+ levels within minutes21. This shows how the body can replenish this important molecule with proper support.

To maintain NAD+ levels:

  • Use quality sunscreen (zinc oxide with SPF 30 or higher is effective)
  • Wear sun protective clothing
  • Avoid direct sunlight during peak hours

These basic protective steps help preserve higher NAD+ levels, supporting cellular energy production, DNA repair, and overall health.

Your Blueprint for Boosting NAD+

While NAD+ has promising health benefits, optimizing your body's NAD+ levels isn't about finding a single magic bullet, it's about building a holistic strategy. 

While individual actions help, combining positive lifestyle changes often yields the best results. Think of it like this:

  • Fuel Wisely: Eat a diet rich in NAD+ precursors and consider supplementation.
  • Move Regularly: Engage in consistent exercise.
  • Consider Timing: Explore intermittent fasting or caloric restriction (if appropriate for you).
  • Manage Stress and Sleep: Prioritize effective stress reduction and adequate rest.
  • Limit Drainers: Reduce alcohol intake and avoid excessive sun exposure.

Even small, consistent efforts in these areas can work together, creating a powerful synergistic effect that enhances NAD+ production and use.

Remember, your ideal approach depends on factors like your age (as NAD+ naturally declines over time), current health, and specific goals. Always consult healthcare professionals before making significant diet, exercise, or supplement changes.

FAQs

Are There Any Side Effects to Increasing NAD+ Levels?

Most NAD+ boosting methods are safe when done correctly. However, potential side effects can include:

  • Mild digestive discomfort with supplements
  • Temporary fatigue during initial lifestyle changes
  • Potential interactions with existing medications

Always consult a healthcare professional, especially if you:

  • Have pre-existing health conditions
  • Are taking prescription medications
  • Have a history of metabolic disorders

Can Young People Benefit from NAD+ Optimization?

Younger individuals typically have higher natural NAD+ levels, so focus on preventative strategies like:

  • Consistent exercise
  • Balanced nutrition
  • Stress management
  • Adequate sleep

Is There a Way to Test My NAD+ Levels?

Unlike common health markers, NAD+ isn't measured in standard blood tests. Specialized intracellular NAD testing reveals actual cellular NAD+ concentrations, showing whether your supplements and lifestyle changes work. 

Jinfiniti's Intracellular NAD Test provides this data, helping optimize your strategy with confidence. Testing before and after starting supplements confirms you're getting results from your investment.

Can I Overdo NAD+ Boosting?

Like many biological processes, NAD+ follows a principle of balance:

Potential risks of excessive NAD+ boosting:

  • Metabolic imbalances
  • Potential interference with natural cellular processes
  • Unnecessary financial strain from over-supplementation

Recommended approach:

  • Start with lifestyle modifications
  • Introduce supplements gradually
  • Test your NAD+ levels periodically
  • Monitor your body's response
  • Work with a healthcare professional to find your optimal strategy

What Other Supplements Might Support NAD levels?

Beyond the main NAD+ boosters, these supplements may help support NAD+ levels in your body:

  • Resveratrol: Found in red grapes, resveratrol activates SIRT1, an enzyme powered by NAD+. Taking 100-500mg daily may help your body use NAD+ more efficiently.
  • Quercetin: This plant compound blocks CD38, which normally breaks down NAD+. Taking 500-1000mg daily might help preserve your NAD+ levels.
  • Apigenin: Present in parsley and chamomile tea, this blocks PARP1 (an enzyme that depletes NAD+). A typical dose is 50-100mg daily.
  • TMG: When taking NAD+ precursors, methylation pathways can become unbalanced. TMG (500-1000mg daily) helps maintain this balance.
  • Zinc: NAD+ production requires zinc. Since many adults have low zinc levels, adding 15-30mg daily can support NAD+ synthesis.

As always, consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplements.

Does Gut Health Impact NAD+?

An interesting finding from 2024 research shows gut bacteria may play a role in how our bodies process NAD+22. Basically, when you take NAD+ supplements orally, they undergo major changes through the gut microbiome.

For those taking NAD+ boosting supplements, these findings suggest that focusing on improving gut health might help maximize benefits.

Referenced Sources

  1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-020-00313-x ↩︎
  2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159124006871 ↩︎
  3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S053155652300030X ↩︎
  4. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1287421/full ↩︎
  5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3868777/ ↩︎
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20148352/ ↩︎
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10899445/ ↩︎
  8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7752291/ ↩︎
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/ ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9495723/ ↩︎
  11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041312030190X ↩︎
  12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-020-00305-3 ↩︎
  13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23349863/ ↩︎
  14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10969690/ ↩︎
  15. https://www.cell-stress.com/researcharticles/2024a-grazioso-cell-stress/ ↩︎
  16. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5694488/ ↩︎
  17. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10752388/ ↩︎
  18. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10665902/ ↩︎
  19. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014480016300107 ↩︎
  20. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1011134421001172 ↩︎
  21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2123732/ ↩︎
  22. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X24001256 ↩︎
An image of matured men and women exercising

Creatine After 40: Safety and Best Options for Older Adults

Once thought to be just for young athletes and bodybuilders, creatine supplements are now gaining attention for their benefits in older adults.

Did you know that muscle strength drops by 16% to 40% after age 40? This age-related muscle loss, or “sarcopenia,” can affect your strength during daily activities. 1

Recent studies show creatine can help combat age-related muscle loss, decreasing bone density, and even cognitive decline.

This review examines the evidence for creatine use in adults over 40, including safety information, documented benefits, how much to take, and which forms work best for aging individuals.

Key Takeaways

  • As we age past 30, our natural creatine levels drop about 8% each decade, making supplements especially helpful for adults over 40.
  • Studies show creatine supplements can fight age-related muscle loss, boost strength by roughly 10% after just one month, and improve bone density when paired with resistance training.
  • Beyond physical benefits, creatine may support brain function, improving memory and cognitive performance in aging adults.
  • Creatine monohydrate has the most research behind it and is the recommended form for seniors, with a proven safety record even with long-term use.
  • Older adults can either start with a loading phase (20g daily for 5-7 days) then drop to a maintenance dose (3-5g daily) or simply take about 4g every day without loading.

Why Creatine Matters After 40: The Science

An image of a woman suffering from headache

After 40, your body changes in important ways – creatine levels drop, muscles shrink, bones weaken, and strength fades. These changes lead to sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss), increasing your risk of falls and fractures.

Creatine works as your body’s power generator by helping produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a major source of cellular energy. As a natural molecule similar to amino acids, creatine is vital to your energy system, which becomes increasingly important with age.

Studies show muscle creatine drops roughly 8% every decade after 30, especially if you’re less active. 2

Brain creatine also declines at a similar rate. 3 Since your brain depends on ATP for memory and thinking, maintaining brain creatine becomes essential for cognitive health.

Taking creatine supplements can rebuild these important stores beyond natural levels, supporting both physical and mental function. Vegetarians, who typically have lower creatine levels, may benefit even more.

Benefits of Creatine for Aging Adults

An image of a matured woman

Creatine supplements offer several evidence-backed benefits for older adults that go beyond its well-known effects for athletes.

Muscle Mass and Strength

Taking creatine helps older adults maintain and build muscle, especially when combined with strength training. Studies show adults aged 55-71 can gain about 1.33 kg of lean muscle and improve both upper and lower body strength. 4

Even without exercise, creatine can increase body mass, fight fatigue, and make daily activities easier. 5 The benefits for leg strength are especially valuable since these muscles tend to weaken more dramatically as we age.

Bone Support

When combined with strength training, creatine helps maintain bone health. Research shows it can help prevent age-related bone loss by reducing bone breakdown.

One study found older men taking creatine during strength training had 27% less bone breakdown, while those taking a placebo saw a 13% increase. 6 Creatine seems to work by boosting bone-forming cells while slowing bone breakdown.

Brain Function

Recent studies suggest creatine may help maintain brain function in aging adults. Research shows improvements in memory, recall, and problem-solving, possibly with stronger effects in women. 7

Creatine seems especially helpful for cognitive processes affected by either sleep deprivation or natural aging. 8 While we know creatine plays a role in brain energy metabolism, research on its protection against cognitive decline is still ongoing.

Heart Health

A 2024 pilot study found that creatine improved blood vessel function in older adults after just four weeks. 9 Participants showed better blood flow, improved microvascular function, and lower blood sugar and fat levels.

These early findings suggest creatine may benefit cardiovascular health, though more research is needed.

Reduced Inflammation

Creatine has antioxidant properties and may reduce inflammation in aging adults. This matters because aging typically involves increased oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflammation, which contribute to many age-related diseases.

One study found that combining strength training with creatine significantly decreased oxidative stress markers while increasing antioxidant capacity after 10 weeks. 10

Safety Profile: What the Research Shows

An image of a woman consulting to the doctor

Is creatine safe for older adults? Research says yes. Multiple studies show creatine monohydrate is safe for long-term use when taken as directed. 11

Despite common myths, science doesn’t support claims that creatine damages kidneys or acts like steroids. One study found that creatine supplementation was “devoid of any kidney or liver adverse effects.” 12 This is good news for seniors concerned about how supplements might affect their organs.

Scientists describe creatine as an “inexpensive and safe dietary supplement that has both peripheral and central effects.” 13 Though companies marketed it mostly to men, studies confirm that creatine supplementation poses no risk of adverse effects in women, making it reliable for female users too. 14

Some users do experience minor issues. A 2024 study on vascular function found stomach discomfort was the most common side effect, matching results from another research. 15

Creatine Dosing Strategies by Age Group

An image of supplements in a hand

Research has identified several effective creatine protocols for older adults:

  • Loading Phase: High doses (20g/day for 5-7 days) then lower doses (3-5g/day) to quickly fill muscle creatine stores.
  • Daily Maintenance: Taking a steady dose without loading. Research shows 4 grams daily can increase strength by approximately 10% after one month.
  • Weight-Based Dosing: Calculating doses based on body weight (0.1 g/kg/day) for more precise supplementation.

Research analysis shows that loading followed by maintenance doses (≤5 g/day) improved chest press performance compared to placebo. Higher doses (>5 g/day) significantly improved leg press strength regardless of loading. 16

For older adults, a recent protocol used 5g four times daily for 5 days, then 5g once daily for 23 days. This approach successfully improved vascular function in this population. 17

If you’re new to creatine, check out our beginner’s guide to creatine for information on safe supplementation, dosing strategies, timing, and answers to common questions.

Creatine Forms: Making the Right Choice

An image of different forms of supplements

The market offers several forms of creatine, but research consistently points to creatine monohydrate as the most effective and thoroughly studied option. The six main types include:

  • Creatine Monohydrate: The most researched form with proven safety and results. Still considered the best option, particularly for older adults.
  • Creatine Ethyl Ester: Marketed for better absorption but lacks strong scientific evidence.
  • Creatine Hydrochloride: Claimed to dissolve better with fewer stomach problems, though evidence that it works better is limited.
  • Buffered Creatine: Made to prevent breakdown in stomach acid, but this doesn’t necessarily improve results.
  • Liquid Creatine: Generally less stable and effective than powder forms.
  • Creatine Magnesium: Combines creatine with magnesium for potential added benefits.

Despite fancy marketing about newer forms having better absorption or fewer side effects, most scientific studies recommend sticking with creatine monohydrate. The extensive research supporting creatine monohydrate, especially in older adult populations, makes it the most trustworthy choice for people over 40.

Looking for better performance? Our Creatine ATP supplement combines pure creatine monohydrate with disodium ATP. When paired with creatine, disodium ATP can improve your power output and help you recover faster. 18 This makes it perfect for older adults wanting to get more from their workouts.

Learn more about how creatine and ATP work together to power your workouts.

Creatine+ promotional image

Creatine FAQs

An image of a hand holding a wooden block

Is creatine beneficial for women over 40?

Creatine supplements can help women over 40 fight age-related muscle loss and boost physical performance. Since women naturally have less creatine in their muscles to begin with, taking supplements may have stronger benefits for their muscle health. 19

Creatine might also help reduce feelings of fatigue, which is especially helpful during perimenopause and menopause.

Is creatine safe for seniors and the elderly?

Creatine is generally safe for older adults and offers several benefits. It may help fight against sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss) and cachexia, which commonly affect seniors. Research suggests creatine may also protect brain cells from neurodegenerative diseases that become more common as people age.

Will creatine cause water retention or bloating in older adults?

When you start taking creatine supplements, your body might retain some water, though this varies from person to person.

If you’re an older adult worried about water retention, try starting with smaller doses and drink plenty of water to reduce this effect. This retention typically happens inside your muscle cells, not as visible bloating under your skin.

Is creatine supplementation safe for my kidneys if I’m over 60?

Research on healthy adults suggests creatine supplementation does not negatively impact kidney function when taken at recommended doses.

If you have pre-existing kidney issues like CKD or reduced creatinine clearance, check with your doctor before starting creatine. Regular monitoring of kidney function may be prudent for older adults taking creatine.

Is creatine safe with blood pressure medications?

Current evidence doesn’t suggest significant interactions between creatine supplementation and common blood pressure medications. 

Since both can affect fluid balance in your body, it’s wise to monitor your response when using them together. Always check with your doctor before combining any supplements with prescription medications, particularly those for heart conditions.

How can I reduce digestive discomfort from creatine?

To reduce digestive discomfort, try taking creatine with meals rather than on an empty stomach. Consider using smaller, divided doses throughout the day instead of one large dose, and ensure you’re consuming adequate water with each dose.

Micronized creatine formulations may also be better tolerated than regular creatine monohydrate for those with sensitive digestive systems.

Is creatine beneficial without resistance training?

Creatine isn’t just for athletes. Even without regular weight training, it may support your brain’s energy metabolism, enhance cognitive performance, and offer neuroprotection in some conditions. 

Older adults might find creatine helpful for daily tasks, as it aids muscle energy production during routine activities.

Should vegetarians adjust creatine intake?

Vegetarians and vegans usually have lower creatine stores since their diets lack the animal products that provide this compound.

Research shows that omnivores, vegetarians, and vegans excrete creatine metabolites differently, pointing to varying baseline levels among these groups. 20 As a result, people on plant-based diets might consider regular creatine supplementation to keep their levels at an optimal range.

Referenced Sources:

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3940510/ ↩︎
  2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4304302/ ↩︎
  3. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/5/921 ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6518405/ ↩︎
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21394604/ ↩︎
  6. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/4/488 ↩︎
  7. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1424972/full ↩︎
  8. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-011-0855-9 ↩︎
  9. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723049/ ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10189876/ ↩︎
  11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5469049/ ↩︎
  12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31853315/ ↩︎
  13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21394604/ ↩︎
  14. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1780 ↩︎
  15. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723049/ ↩︎
  16. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/6/1912 ↩︎
  17. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/1/58 ↩︎
  18. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3849389/ ↩︎
  19. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723027/ ↩︎
  20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32233480/ ↩︎
An image of broccoli and edamame, two foods high in NMN, on a kitchen counter

11 Natural Food Sources of NMN (Highest to Lowest)

Your body’s cells need energy to work properly, and they get this energy with the help of a molecule called NAD+. As you get older, your body makes less NAD+. 

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a natural substance that can help increase your NAD+ levels. While you can take NMN as supplements, it’s also found in many common foods.

We’ve ranked the top 11 natural food sources that contain NMN by concentration, showing you, how much each food contains. This guide will help you include these cell-healthy foods in your daily diet alongside or instead of supplements.

Key Takeaways

  • NMN is a natural compound that helps boost NAD+ levels in your body, which decline with age and are essential for cellular energy and function
  • Common foods like edamame, avocados, and broccoli contain small amounts of NMN that can support cellular health as part of your daily diet
  • While food sources provide natural NMN, only supplements offer concentrations that match amounts shown beneficial in scientific research
  • Incorporating NMN-rich foods alongside proper cooking methods helps preserve their nutrient content and can complement other other healthy habits that support NAD+ levels

What is NMN and Why Does it Matter?

NMN is a molecule that’s essential for cellular health. It’s the main building block your body uses to make nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ for short), an important coenzyme that keeps all your cells working properly. 1

Inside your cells, NAD+ does several important jobs:

  • Creates energy in cell powerhouses called mitochondria
  • Helps fix damaged DNA
  • Protects cells from harm
  • Helps control your sleep patterns
  • Activates proteins that help cells live longer

Here’s the problem: as you get older, your NAD+ levels fall dramatically. By middle age, you might have half the NAD+ you had as a young adult. 2 This decline is linked to many signs of aging, like mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation. 3

Research published in scientific journals shows that NMN supplements can boost NAD+ levels, which may help reverse some aging effects. 4 Studies have shown improvements in metabolism, physical performance, and insulin sensitivity.

Scientists are still studying NMN in humans, but the evidence so far suggests it could help us stay healthier as we age.

Is NMN the Same as Vitamin B3?

NMN and Vitamin B3 are related but different compounds. Vitamin B3 (also called niacin or nicotinamide) must go through several steps in the body to become NMN before it can turn into NAD+.

NMN is just one step away from becoming NAD+. This makes NMN more efficient, especially as we get older when our bodies have a harder time converting earlier compounds.

Many foods that increase NAD+ also contain Vitamin B3, including fish, mushrooms, and avocados.

Food Sources of NMN Ranked by Content

An image of a woman eating avocado

Natural NMN exists in specific foods at measurable concentrations.

The following table presents 11 foods, ranked from highest to lowest amount of NMN per 100g serving. Edamame (young soybeans) tops this list, containing the highest naturally occurring NMN concentration among commonly consumed foods.

FoodNMN Content (mg/100g)Nutritional Benefits
Edamame0.47–1.88Complete plant protein, fiber, folate, vitamin K, and manganese; supports heart health and hormone balance
Avocado0.36–1.60Monounsaturated fats, potassium, vitamin E, B vitamins, and fiber; promotes heart health and nutrient absorption
Broccoli0.25–1.12Vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, fiber, and sulforaphane; supports detoxification and has anti-inflammatory properties
Cabbage0.01–0.90Vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, and prebiotic fiber; promotes gut health and provides anti-inflammatory benefits
Tomatoes0.26–0.90Lycopene, potassium, vitamin C, vitamin K, and antioxidants; supports cardiovascular health and skin protection
Cucumber0.10–0.65High water content, vitamin K, potassium, and silica; aids hydration, digestion, and skin health
Nuts~0.50Protein, healthy fats, vitamin E, magnesium, and fiber; supports brain function and helps regulate cholesterol
Lean Beef0.06–0.42Complete protein, iron, zinc, B12, and selenium; supports energy production and immune function
Shrimp~0.22High-quality protein, selenium, iodine, vitamin B12, and astaxanthin; promotes thyroid function and brain health
Milk~0.10Calcium, protein, vitamin D, potassium, and phosphorus; supports bone health and muscle recovery
Mushrooms≤0.01Beta-glucans, vitamin D, selenium, B vitamins, and antioxidants; enhances immune function and provides anti-inflammatory effects

Health Benefits Associated with NMN

An image of healthy foods in a bowl

NMN has caught scientists’ attention as a powerful molecule that helps with healthy aging. Here are some of the most promising benefits of NMN identified in research studies:

  • As a precursor to NAD+, NMN supports many cellular processes that improve overall health
  • This compound fights aging by boosting NAD+ levels that naturally drop as we get older
  • Blood vessel function and circulation improve with NMN supplementation, supporting cardiovascular health 5
  • Metabolic health gets a boost through NMN’s ability to enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation 6
  • Brain function and cognition benefit from the neuroprotective properties of NMN 7
  • Cellular energy production increases as NMN supports mitochondrial function and health 8
  • Immune system function and gut health may benefit from NMN’s role in cellular repair mechanisms 9
  • Muscle performance and physical endurance can improve as NMN supports energy production in muscle tissue 10

How to Incorporate NMN-Rich Foods into Your Diet

An image of healthy foods in a heart-shaped bowl

Adding NMN-rich foods to your meals is simple. We’ll show you how to prepare these foods to get the most nutrients from them. These tasty, healthy options help support your body’s NAD+ system, which is key for staying energetic and healthy.

Cooking Methods that Preserve NMN Content

Heat, oxidation, and prolonged storage reduce NMN levels in foods. Strategic preparation preserves these valuable compounds, including: 

Minimal Processing: Opt for whole, raw forms when possible since NMN can degrade with excessive processing.

Gentle Cooking: Use methods that preserve nutrients such as:

  • Steaming (especially for broccoli and cabbage)
  • Quick blanching (very brief cooking in boiling water)
  • Light sautéing

Avoid Over-Cooking: Prolonged boiling or high-heat roasting can reduce NMN content.

For Broccoli Specifically: The stems contain most of the NMN, so use them too. If you don’t enjoy raw broccoli, steam or boil for just 2 minutes to keep nutrients intact.

Raw When Possible: Many NMN-rich foods like cucumber, tomatoes, and avocado can be enjoyed raw, which preserves their nutrient content.

Sample Daily Menu Incorporating NMN Foods

Breakfast:

  • Avocado toast on whole grain bread with poached egg
  • Fresh cucumber slices with a sprinkle of sea salt
  • Green tea 

Lunch:

  • Mixed green salad with broccoli florets, tomato wedges, and grilled salmon
  • Edamame side dish seasoned with light sea salt
  • Sliced cucumber with hummus

Dinner:

  • Stir-fried broccoli and shiitake mushrooms with garlic
  • Baked salmon with fresh tomato salsa
  • Side of steamed edamame pods

Snacks:

  • Avocado with lemon juice and light seasoning
  • Sliced cucumbers with hummus or guacamole
  • Fresh tomato wedges with olive oil and herbs
  • Raw broccoli florets with yogurt dip
  • Edamame sprinkled with sea salt

This approach is simple: include several NMN-rich foods in your daily meals to naturally boost your intake. Plus, these natural sources of NMN contain other nutrients that work well together.

Can You Get Enough NMN from Food Alone?

While eating foods with NMN is healthy, they simply don’t contain enough to match the amounts that show benefits in research.

Natural food sources only have trace amounts of NMN—much less than the 250-1200 mg daily doses that scientists have found helpful in studies.

Your body also quickly uses up NMN after you eat it, making it hard to maintain high levels through food alone.

Aging creates another challenge. As you get older, your body becomes less efficient at converting nutrients into NAD+.

Although a nutrient-rich diet is essential for overall health, supplements provide the most direct way to reach the NMN levels needed for NAD+ support.

NMN Supplements: Bridging the Dietary Gap

Our diets simply don’t provide enough NAD+ building blocks, which becomes a bigger problem as we age. Since our bodies produce up to 50% less NAD+ by middle age, supplements can provide the extra support we need.

For a straightforward approach to increasing NAD+, Pure NMN Powder offers a highly pure option (over 99.5%) that your body can easily use. This powder becomes NAD+ in just one step and contains no extra ingredients.

If you want more complete cellular support, try Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster. This specially formulated supplement combines NMN with D-ribose, niacinamide, and creatine monohydrate to boost both NAD+ levels and ATP (cellular energy).

Vitality NAD+ Booster promotional image

Beyond Diet: Other Ways to Support NAD+ Levels

An image of matured men and women exercising

While supplementation provides the most direct path to increasing NAD+ levels, it’s most effective when combined with other lifestyle practices that support NAD+:

  • Regular exercise stimulates NAD+ production through metabolic demand
  • Intermittent fasting has been shown to increase NAD+ by activating sirtuins
  • Quality sleep supports proper NAD+ cycling and utilization
  • Stress management prevents excessive NAD+ depletion
  • Limiting alcohol consumption preserves NAD+ stores that would otherwise be used for alcohol metabolism
  • Reducing UV exposure prevents NAD+ depletion from DNA repair processes

This integrated approach—combining dietary sources, targeted supplementation, and supportive lifestyle factors—creates the most robust foundation for maintaining optimal NAD+ levels throughout life.

Remember, the goal isn’t simply to increase a biomarker but to support the cellular mechanisms that sustain vitality and function as we age.

Referenced Sources:

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11205942/ ↩︎
  2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7442590/ ↩︎
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7963035/ ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238909/ ↩︎
  5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4854911/ ↩︎
  6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8550608/ ↩︎
  7. https://www.medsci.org/v20p0307.htm ↩︎
  8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6565489/ ↩︎
  9. https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-024-05614-9 ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8265078/ ↩︎
An image of Ginger and Turmeric.

Ginger and Turmeric: A Golden Pair That Works Better Together

Long before golden lattes were all over Instagram and wellness shots lined grocery store shelves, ginger and turmeric were kitchen staples and go-to remedies in Asian households.

These bright, earthy roots weren’t just for flavor, they were trusted for everything from soothing digestion to keeping the body feeling strong and balanced.

Today, research is catching up, confirming what traditional practitioners have known for centuries about the health benefits of turmeric and ginger, showing that this dynamic duo supports everything from a healthy inflammatory response to immune function.

Let’s dive in and see why these ancient roots have earned their “golden pair” status, and why they deserve a spot in your daily wellness routine.

Key Takeaways

  • Studies show that ginger and turmeric combined help maintain a healthy inflammatory response more effectively than either spice alone.
  • These golden spices support normal cholesterol levels and help protect cells from oxidative stress, which is key for long-term cardiovascular wellness.
  • One simple habit, big benefits. Whether you sip, sprinkle, or supplement, adding ginger and turmeric to your routine is an effortless way to support your overall well-being.

Synergy Between Ginger and Turmeric

An image of Ginger and Turmeric.

Have you ever heard of a duo so good together you can’t imagine one without the other? Like peanut butter and jelly, or Netflix and a cozy blanket?

That’s exactly how ginger and turmeric work inside your body. 

The magic lies in their complementary biochemistry. Ginger’s bioactive compounds—mainly gingerols and shogaols—don’t just work alongside turmeric’s curcuminoids; they create what scientists call a “potentiation effect.” In simple terms, they make each other stronger.

Research published in Phytotherapy Research examined a herbal formulation containing turmeric, ginger, and black pepper, revealing something fascinating: these ingredients together created effects that surpassed what you’d expect from just adding their individual benefits. 1

What’s particularly interesting is how this partnership works on a cellular level. 

When combined, ginger and turmeric powder boost antioxidant activity much more than either spice alone. 2 This enhanced antioxidant effect isn’t just additive, it’s multiplicative. The ginger compounds seem to protect curcumin from breaking down quickly, keeping it active in your system longer while also helping your body absorb it better.

This biochemical teamwork means you’re not just getting two separate benefits running side by side—you’re getting a comprehensive support system where each root amplifies the other’s strengths.

Each has unique active compounds that support the body’s natural processes. Ginger’s bioactive compounds like gingerols likely work synergistically with turmeric to enhance its effects.

Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Turmeric and Ginger

An image of Ginger and Turmeric.

Think of your body’s inflammatory response as a built-in defense system. It’s there to protect you, but if it’s out of balance, you might start feeling not quite yourself. 

This is where ginger and turmeric really shine. They target different aspects of your body’s inflammatory pathways.

Turmeric’s major compound curcumin is well-known for fighting inflammation.

Curcumin helps control NF-κB, a key pathway that works like a master switch for inflammation-related proteins. 3 When this pathway is working as it should, your body can handle everyday stressors more smoothly without overreacting.

Ginger’s shogaols work differently by supporting MAPK signaling, another crucial pathway for keeping a balanced inflammatory response.

A study in Molecules found that a 5:2 ginger-turmeric ratio cuts TNF and IL-6 by 40-60% in immune cells. 4When combined in this ratio, they work even better together, helping your body naturally regulate key inflammation proteins.

But their benefits don’t stop there. Ginger and turmeric also boost your body’s built-in antioxidant defenses.

Both 6-shogaol (from ginger) and curcumin help activate Nrf2, a protein that stimulates the production of protective enzymes like HO-1. 5 6 These enzymes help shield your cells from oxidative stress, which is key for long-term wellness.

The bottom line: when you take turmeric and ginger, they can provide full-spectrum anti-inflammatory support for your body, working from multiple angles to help you feel your best.

turmeric1

Digestive Health Benefits of the Golden Pair

An image of a healthy digestive system.

These ancient roots have been trusted for centuries to support digestive comfort, and now science is showing just how powerful they really are.

Ginger has long been used to support digestive comfort like reducing nausea, bloating, and general stomach discomfort. 7 Turmeric is gaining attention for its role in gut health.

A study published in The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry shows that ginger supports gut barrier function and promotes a balanced microbiome. 8

But the real magic happens when you take turmeric and ginger together. Combined, they create a protective effect against digestive inflammation and support the body’s natural digestive processes. 9 Their combined effects help promote digestive comfort while supporting normal gut function.

The Immunity-Bolstering Benefits

An image of a matured woman with healthy immune system

If you’re someone who likes to support your wellness throughout the year, you’ll be happy to know that ginger and turmeric are like a dynamic duo for your immune system. These golden roots don’t just add flavor to your food—they help maintain your body’s natural defenses in a simple, natural way.

Ginger is a time-tested remedy for maintaining healthy airways, thanks to its antimicrobial properties and benefits for the respiratory tract. 10 11 Turmeric complements ginger’s immune-supporting properties and contributes to healthy immune cell activity.

Research in Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology backs this up, showing that turmeric helps regulate immune cell function and cytokine balance. 12

Keeping cytokines balanced helps your body maintain appropriate responses. That’s why turmeric is so valuable—it doesn’t just stimulate immune activity (which isn’t always good), but helps your body maintain natural immune balance.

Studies looking at these spices together also show they improve immune responses, with increased antibody production and better cellular immune responses. 13

Natural Joint Health and Pain Relief

An image of matured men and women with healthy joints

As we age, our joints take on a lot. The good news is, ginger and turmeric offer natural support for keeping your joints and muscles functioning at their best.

Research shows ginger can ease muscle pain from eccentric exercise. 14 Whether it’s following a tough workout or a day spent on your feet, ginger helps maintain flexibility and supports your body’s natural comfort response.

Reviews and meta-analyses confirm that turmeric extracts help manage knee osteoarthritis symptoms. Turmeric reduces pain and improves physical function, with a safety profile like placebo and fewer side effects than NSAIDs. 15

Studies show that combining turmeric and ginger can cut pain levels in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis just as effectively as NSAIDs like Naproxen. 16

Case studies and clinical trials also report improvements in pain and mobility for people taking turmeric and ginger, suggesting they can boost joint function and quality of life for arthritis patients. 17

The Spice Duo that Keeps Your Heart Strong

An image of a strong and healthy heart.

If you’ve been looking for simple, natural ways to keep your heart in good shape, ginger and turmeric may offer natural support for heart health in ways you wouldn’t expect.

A review in the Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research shows ginger and turmeric help maintain normal cholesterol levels. They support balanced lipid profiles by maintaining healthy levels of total cholesterol, LDL (“bad” cholesterol), and triglycerides, while supporting HDL (“good” cholesterol). 18

Another systematic review that looked at these spices in people with type 2 diabetes showed ginger and turmeric helped improve lipid profiles. 19 The researchers found these spices can be a natural way to help maintain healthy cholesterol levels.

This balance is important because too much LDL and triglycerides can put extra strain on your cardiovascular system. 

Endocrine and Metabolism Support

An image saying to boost metabolism.

Your endocrine system is like your body’s communication network. It uses hormones to control important functions like growth, energy use, and even your mood. When this system is working well, you feel energetic, your weight stays stable, and you generally feel your best.

Research in The American Journal of Chinese Medicine shows that turmeric and ginger can help maintain healthy hormone levels and support normal hormone receptor interactions. 20 In other words, they can help your body’s messaging system work more efficiently.

When it comes to metabolism—how your body converts food into energy—these golden spices shine even brighter. They boost energy metabolism by affecting basal metabolic rate (BMR), total energy expenditure, and lipid oxidation.

Ginger is noted for its positive effects on weight control and obesity prevention, while curcumin inhibits the conversion of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes, having a positive impact on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. 21

How to Add Ginger and Turmeric to Your Routine

An image of Ginger and Turmeric.

Adding ginger and turmeric to your daily routine is simple. You can easily include these powerful botanicals in your cooking or take them as supplements, giving you regular access to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits.

Through Diet: Culinary Applications

One of the easiest ways to enjoy ginger and turmeric is through your diet.

Here are some simple ideas:

  • Add freshly grated ginger and turmeric to soups, stews, and stir-fries
  • Blend them into smoothies with fruits like mango or pineapple
  • Sprinkle ground turmeric on roasted vegetables or scrambled eggs
  • Make a warming tea with fresh ginger slices, a pinch of turmeric, and lemon

Golden Milk: A Therapeutic Tradition

Golden milk (or “turmeric latte”) stands out as perhaps the most effective way to consume turmeric regularly. This ancient Ayurvedic preparation combines turmeric with fat and black pepper—elements that dramatically improve curcumin absorption.

Classic Golden Milk Recipe:

Ingredients:

  • 1 cup milk of choice (coconut, almond, or dairy)
  • 1 teaspoon ground turmeric
  • ½ teaspoon ground ginger
  • ¼ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
  • 1 teaspoon coconut oil or ghee
  • Optional: cinnamon, cardamom, honey or maple syrup to taste

Instructions:

1.Combine all ingredients except sweetener in a small saucepan

2. Heat gently, whisking continuously for about 3-5 minutes until warm but not boiling

3. Remove from heat, add sweetener if desired

4. Strain if using fresh ginger, and enjoy warm

The black pepper in this recipe is crucial—piperine, its active compound, increases curcumin absorption by up to 2,000%, transforming turmeric from a pleasant spice into a therapeutic intervention.

Supplementation: Precision and Convenience

While food sources are beneficial, supplements give you concentrated, standardized doses of active compounds that you might not get enough of through diet alone. This matters especially when you’re targeting specific health goals or inflammatory conditions.

When choosing a turmeric supplement, two things really matter:

1. Curcuminoid content: Go for products standardized to 95% curcuminoids

2. Bioavailability enhancers: Either black pepper extract (piperine) or advanced delivery systems

Jinfiniti’s Extra Strength Turmeric curcumin supplement tackles both issues with a well-rounded approach to fighting inflammation. Each serving gives you research-backed amounts of:

  • Turmeric extract standardized to 95% curcuminoids
  • Ginger root that complements turmeric’s effects
  • Quercetin for extra antioxidant protection
  • Piperine from black pepper extract to boost absorption

This carefully balanced mix targets several inflammatory pathways at once, giving you more complete support than products with just one ingredient. If you’re dealing with chronic inflammation or want to support joint health, this precisely formulated approach might work better than just using turmeric in cooking.

Special Cautions and Potential Side Effects

An image with a label saying "side effects"

While turmeric and ginger are safe for most people, they do pack some powerful bioactive compounds that call for a few precautions.

Medication Interactions

  • Blood Thinners: Both spices have natural anticoagulant effects and can increase bleeding risk when taken with aspirin, warfarin, or clopidogrel
  • Diabetes Medications: They may boost insulin sensitivity, potentially making blood sugar medications work more strongly
  • Acid Reducers: Turmeric might work against medications that lower stomach acid

When to Be Careful

  • Before Surgery: Stop taking them at least two weeks before any procedures due to bleeding risk
  • Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Using them in food is generally safe; medicinal doses should be discussed with a healthcare provider
  • Gallbladder Conditions: Turmeric stimulates bile production, which could be a problem if you have gallstones or bile duct issues
  • Digestive Sensitivities: They might cause mild stomach discomfort in larger amounts

Quality Matters

  • Source is important—look for products tested for contaminants
  • Third-party testing helps ensure purity and potency
  • Standardized extracts provide more consistent therapeutic effects

It’s best to check with your healthcare provider before starting any supplements, especially if you have health conditions or take medications. Everyone responds differently based on genetics, gut microbiome, and overall health.

Referenced Sources:

  1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6671 ↩︎
  2. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10942912.2019.1666138 ↩︎
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9160922/ ↩︎
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9229778/ ↩︎
  5. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/tx500211x ↩︎
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31622191/ ↩︎
  7. https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(17)38837-2/pdf ↩︎
  8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955286321003247 ↩︎
  9. https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/12/3877 ↩︎
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24047828/ ↩︎
  11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3604064/ ↩︎
  12. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.00479/full ↩︎
  13. https://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IJAnS/article/view/92046 ↩︎
  14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20418184/ ↩︎
  15. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-020-00975-8 ↩︎
  16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32180294/ ↩︎
  17. https://environmentaljournals.org/article/turmeric-black-pepper-and-lemon-hot-infusion-fornbsp-joint-and-musculoskeletal-pain-a-case-repo-qlkmo8ydhmrndvd ↩︎
  18. https://jhrlmc.com/index.php/home/article/view/699 ↩︎
  19. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8265438/ ↩︎
  20. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0192415X11008762 ↩︎
  21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33789250/ ↩︎
A healthy centenarian woman on the beach

12 Diet and Lifestyle Secrets of Centenarians Who Live to 100

The secret to living to 100 isn’t just about good genes, it’s about daily choices that stand the test of time. Luckily, we can learn a lot from people who have actually reached the 100-year mark.

Centenarians around the world really work for longevity. Whether they live in the mountains of Sardinia or the villages of Okinawa, people who reach 100 tend to have similar diets, daily routines, and lifestyles.

These trends are supported by decades of scientific research. Even if every centenarian’s path is unique, some aspects of their lifestyle appear again and again. From the foods they enjoy to the way they connect with others, these centenarians show us that longevity isn’t just about survival. It’s about truly thriving. 

Let’s explore 12 evidence-based strategies that global studies have uncovered from these people who have achieved extraordinary longevity.


Key Takeaways: 

  • Longevity isn’t genetic destiny, it’s a lifestyle. Centenarians worldwide follow consistent daily habits that contribute to a long, thriving life.
  • Eating more plants, staying active, and managing stress all contribute to a longer, healthier life.
  • Proactive approach to health such as monitoring and early intervention can increase your odds of reaching 100 years old in good health.

Eat a Diverse, Plant-Based Diet

An image of a plant based foods

One of the most consistent findings among centenarian studies is their strong emphasis on a plant-based diet. Whether the leafy greens of Mediterranean kitchens or the unique wild vegetables found in Okinawan cuisine, these long-lived individuals worldwide share a love for nature’s bounty. 

For instance, research has shown that centenarians in Greece consume over 400 grams of vegetables daily—equivalent to more than seven servings, which often include wild greens like dandelion and purslane.1 These greens are not only rich in vitamins and minerals but also rich in alpha-linolenic acid, a heart-healthy fatty acid that supports overall well-being. 

A 2024 Chinese study further reinforces the power of dietary diversity. It suggests that Centenarians with high dietary diversity scores (between 5 to 9) exhibited 23% lower inflammation markers compared to their less diverse-eating peers.2

When you look at Blue Zones (regions known for their high concentration of centenarians), you’d see that their meals are predominantly plant-based. In these areas, populations eat 95% plant-based meals, and these meals include leafy greens, tubers, nuts, and legumes.3

So, what does that tell you? A diet that prioritizes a wide range of plant foods not only provides essential nutrients and antioxidants, but also helps reduce chronic disease risks. 

Embracing the “diets of centenarians” means adding variety to your plate, savoring seasonal produce, and perhaps even exploring wild edibles in your region. In doing so, you’re not just nourishing your body, you’re setting the stage for longevity.

Practice Caloric Restriction

An image of food low in calorie

Another intriguing habit shared by many centenarians is that they don’t just watch what they eat, they pay attention to when they eat. These long-lived individuals naturally practice a form of caloric restriction, not through strict dieting, but through mindful eating patterns.

They don’t overeat—instead, they consume just enough to meet their body’s needs while maintaining fasting periods of up to 17 hours between meals. In fact, one research published by Frontiers in Nutrition suggests that daily practice of moderate caloric intake, might allow both metabolism and the immune system to efficiently minimize the stress induced by the main meal of the day.4

This suggests that the timing of meals can be just as important as the quantity consumed. While the science is still evolving, consider experimenting with earlier dinners and incorporating a prolonged overnight fasting window into your daily routine.

It’s never a bad idea to consult with a healthcare professional to determine if it’s right for you. Start by shifting your dinner earlier by an hour or two and see how you feel.

The key is finding a sustainable approach that fits your lifestyle and supports your overall health. It might just be one small step toward unlocking the secrets to longevity.

Limit Salt and Sugar Intake

An image of salt and sugar

You might have heard the advice “everything in moderation”, and it holds especially true for salt and sugar. High salt intake has long been associated with increased risks of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, while excessive sugar consumption can lead to metabolic issues like diabetes and obesity. 

According to research published by GeroScience, many centenarians worldwide prefer a low-salt diet.5 A separate study among Centenarians in rural Chongqing, China, suggests that they avoid sweet, fatty, and high-cholesterol foods.

These studies suggest that diets low in processed foods, which tend to contain high levels of salt and sugar, are linked with better cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes.  Although the research is still evolving, it’s clear that minimizing these additives can help maintain stable blood pressure and healthy blood sugar levels.

By opting for fresh, whole foods and experimenting with natural flavor enhancers such as herbs and spices, you can create meals that are both delicious and heart-healthy. 

Think of this as one of the building blocks of the centenarian lifestyle—a pattern observed across different cultures that might just help tip the scales in favor of long-term wellness.

Stay Physically Active

An image of physically active matured women

If you want to live like a centenarian, you’ve got to get moving. Centenarians are highly active and rarely sedentary. Many of them incorporate physical activity seamlessly into their daily routines. 

They come from agricultural backgrounds or live in rural areas where physical activity is a natural part of life. They even work beyond the expected age of retirement.6 But instead of engaging in sporadic bursts of exercise, centenarians tend to maintain a steady level of physical activity throughout their lives. 

No wonder why regular physical activity is known to support cardiovascular health, improve muscle tone, and even contribute to better mental health.7 Research has linked lifelong, moderate physical activity with improvements in balance, cognitive function, and overall vitality. 

Studies have also shown that centenarians who remain active tend to have better mobility and lower rates of chronic diseases compared to those who are less active. What’s the common thread here? Consistency. 

It’s not necessarily about high-intensity workouts, but about integrating movement into your everyday life. Whether that means taking regular walks, engaging in light stretching, or simply choosing to stand up and move around more often. 

Even modest changes, like gardening or taking the stairs instead of the elevator, can add up over time. While these findings are encouraging, each person’s ideal level of activity is different. The key is to find forms of movement that you enjoy and can stick with over the long haul.

Avoid Smoking and Excessive Drinking

An image of alcohol and cigarette.

This one might seem obvious, but it’s worth reiterating. If you want to increase your odds of reaching the age of 100 years while being healthy, avoiding harmful habits is just as important as adopting healthy ones.

In fact, many centenarians either never smoked or quit early in life, and most limit their alcohol consumption. There’s a well-established link between smoking and numerous health issues, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. 

Likewise, too much alcohol consumption can impair cognitive function and put undue stress on vital organs. Research among Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians suggests that smoking and heavy alcohol consumption are linked to higher rates of cognitive impairment in men.8

Additionally, a study from Zhejiang Province, China, found that centenarians exhibited lower rates of smoking compared to non-centenarians. It suggests that avoiding tobacco may contribute to a longer, healthier life.9

By avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol intake, these individuals reduced their risk of chronic diseases and cognitive decline, which highlights a lifestyle choice that many of us can consider to better health and longevity.

Maintain Strong Social Connections

An image of strong social connections.

It turns out that longevity is not just about what you eat or how much you move. Who you surround yourself with might be just as important. 

For centenarians, maintaining robust family bonds and community involvement is a way of life. According to research published in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior, social networks or involvement in social relationships can improve mental health and overall life satisfaction.10 

While not participating in social activities was significantly associated with lower odds of becoming a centenarian.11 Social bonds, after all, offer a network of care and support that can buffer against the stresses of aging.

Modern life often pushes us toward isolation. Digital connections replace real conversations. Quick texts substitute for long talks. But your biology craves authentic human interaction.

Start small and stay consistent. Join that local club you’ve been considering. Schedule regular family dinners. Volunteer for community projects. Each social interaction builds your longevity foundation. Remember, relationships require the same dedication as any other health practice. Like exercise or nutrition, the benefits compound over time. 

Every meaningful connection you nurture today becomes part of your longevity strategy for tomorrow.

Develop Resilience and a Positive Attitude

An image of a resilient woman with positive attitude.

Have you ever noticed how some people seem to handle tough situations better than others? Life can be tricky, and how we react to challenging situations can affect how healthy and long we live.

What we can learn from centenarians is that they tend to be resilient individuals who process stress differently. These individuals share a certain mental toughness by not letting stress and negativity consume them.

Instead, they develop coping mechanisms, practice gratitude, and focus on the good in their lives. Personality traits such as low neuroticism, high extraversion, and trust help centenarians cope with stress.12

Of course, developing resilience isn’t about denying life’s challenges—it’s about finding ways to adapt and thrive despite them. So if you’re looking to boost your own well-being, consider exploring techniques that help build mental resilience. 

A little bit of optimism with practical stress management strategies might just be another secret ingredient in the recipe for a long, fulfilling life.

Get a Good Night’s Sleep

An image of a matured woman with a good sleep.

Sleep isn’t just downtime; it’s a crucial period for bodily repair, memory consolidation, and preparation for the day’s demands. Centenarians understand this implicitly. 

They know the impact of good sleep quality on both physical and mental health. But what does “good sleep” look like for someone living past 100?

Studies from the Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics suggest that centenarians tend to go to sleep early, wake up early, and take afternoon naps.13 They also like to create a conducive sleep environment such as setting relaxing bedtime routines, and ensuring their bedrooms are dark, quiet, and free from distractions.

While studies in sleep science continue to evolve, the link between good sleep and longevity is one that many experts find compelling.14

Find Purpose in Life

An image of a man happily living his purpose in life.

Living to 100 demands a reason to wake up excited each morning. Centenarians have a strong sense of purpose or spiritual beliefs which motivates them to stay actively engaged with life.

Researchers agree that having a sense of meaning and direction in life is associated with living longer. What’s more, having higher purpose may help delay age-associated illnesses and functional decline.15

Finding your purpose doesn’t require grand gestures or world-changing accomplishments. It can be as simple as pursuing a beloved hobby, volunteering in your community, or mentoring others. 

For centenarians, they also place considerable importance on divine support in their lives. In one investigation, centenarians who felt a strong sense of purpose were noted to experience better health outcomes than those who did not. 16

While research is still uncovering the exact mechanisms behind this association, it’s clear that having something to live for can be incredibly powerful. This also aligns with the finding that religiosity was one of the major themes that emerged from a qualitative analysis about adaptation and coping in the lives of centenarians.17

Prevent Health Issues Early

An image of matured men and women exercising to prevent health issues.

Look at centenarian health records and you’ll notice that they take far fewer medications and develop chronic conditions much later in life compared to others.

Their secret lies in a proactive approach to health. By making mindful daily choices, they build natural resilience against disease. Embracing a balanced lifestyle which includes a nutritious diet, regular physical activity, and effective stress management, centenarians prevent many health issues from ever taking root.

In contrast, many older adults face the danger of polypharmacy, where the simultaneous use of multiple medications can lead to adverse drug interactions and a decline in overall well-being. 

This growing concern has led researchers from The National Institute on Aging to advocate for “deprescribing,” which is a process of reducing unnecessary medications in older populations.18 

Ultimately, the healthy lifestyles of centenarians demonstrate that prevention is key. Emphasizing prevention and taking care of your health early in life can help reduce your risk of developing chronic diseases and increase your chances of living a long and healthy life. This includes adopting a healthy lifestyle, even at an advanced age.

Embrace Low-Stress Living Environments

An image of low-stress living environment.

Studies have suggested that environments promoting physical activity and reduced reliance on cars, which are often found in less urbanized areas, may contribute to longer lifespans.

This trend is illustrated by Blue Zone regions, where natural surroundings and a strong sense of community contribute significantly to long, healthy lives. One key aspect of Blue Zone living is that these communities are often located in less urbanized areas, characterized by cleaner air, access to nature, and a slower pace of life.

Research has shown that centenarians who live within their communities and are often with the support of family caregiving tend to be less dependent and in better cognitive health than those in nursing homes.19 

The nurturing care provided by family members and a close-knit community not only supports their physical well-being but also enriches their mental and emotional health.

Additionally, studies suggest that people residing in highly walkable, mixed-age communities may be more likely to celebrate their 100th birthday.20 Such environments encourage regular physical activity, spontaneous social interactions, and a harmonious balance between work and leisure.

All these factors work together to create a supportive backdrop that can enhance overall well-being and contribute to a longer, more fulfilling life.

Test Your Longevity Biomarkers

An image of a scientist identifying specific biomarkers.

Scientists have identified specific biomarkers that reveal the true rate of aging in our bodies.

For instance, DNA methylation patterns in centenarians show distinct signatures linked to longevity.21 Tracking these epigenetic markers provides insights into how quickly you’re aging at a cellular level. 

Research also shows that healthy centenarians have lower levels of biomarkers linked to inflammation, fibrosis (tissue scarring), and catabolism (the breakdown of molecules).22 Keeping these markers in check is essential for healthy aging.

Moreover, circulating NAD⁺/NADH levels are positively associated with cognitive capacity in centenarians.23 This shows how important healthy cells are for a sharp mind.

The great news is that at-home testing makes monitoring these biomarkers easier than ever.  By tracking key indicators like DNA methylation patterns, cellular senescence markers, and intracellular NAD levels, you gain a precise window into your aging process. 

Our comprehensive AgingSOS® Advanced Longevity Panel measures 22 key longevity biomarkers, including intracellular NAD+ levels, giving you deep insights into your cellular health—from mitochondrial function to oxidative stress levels and beyond.

For those specifically focused on NAD optimization, we also offer our standalone Intracellular NAD® test for more frequent monitoring of this crucial molecule.

Staying proactive with your health not only lowers the risk of age-related diseases but also paves the way for a longer, healthier life. Embrace these advances and your future self will thank you.

Referenced Sources:

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11493889/ ↩︎
  2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11493889/ ↩︎
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK298903/ ↩︎
  4. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.863106/full ↩︎
  5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11493889/ ↩︎
  6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12062-022-09396-0 ↩︎
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3618983/ ↩︎
  8. https://journals.lww.com/cogbehavneurol/abstract/2009/09000/association_of_cognitive_impairment_with_smoking,.7.aspx ↩︎
  9. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00344/full ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3150158/ ↩︎
  11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11476547/ ↩︎
  12. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3259159/ ↩︎
  13. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167494396869755?via%3Dihub ↩︎
  14. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5727046/ ↩︎
  15. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180320163749.htm ↩︎
  16. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3489187/ ↩︎
  17. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726621/full ↩︎
  18. https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/dangers-polypharmacy-and-case-deprescribing-older-adults ↩︎
  19. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08959420.2016.1165582 ↩︎
  20. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200617145256.htm ↩︎
  21. https://bmcmedgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12920-018-0334-1 ↩︎
  22. https://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(17)31144-1/abstract ↩︎
  23. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8810979/ ↩︎

A picture of two healthy matured women running

15 Best Longevity Supplements in 2025 (Ranked by Evidence)

We’re living in an exciting time for longevity research. Scientists have moved beyond basic theories about aging to understanding exactly how certain molecules can influence how our cells age.

Today’s advanced supplements aren’t just about filling nutritional gaps. They’re designed to work with your body’s own systems—supporting cellular health and natural regeneration at a deeper level.

But with so many products making bold claims, how do you know what actually works?

That’s why we’ve done the heavy lifting for you. We examined each supplement based on three important factors: the strength of its research backing, its proven safety record, and its measurable impact on health. 

What follows is a clear-eyed look at which supplements truly deliver on their anti-aging promises.

What are Longevity Supplements?

Image of a mature healthy woman jogging.

Longevity supplements are dietary products designed to optimize both lifespan and healthspan, focusing on maintaining vitality as we grow older. 

These supplements support the body’s natural defenses against age-related decline by providing specific nutrients that protect and nourish cells, tissues, and vital systems. They work by targeting key mechanisms of aging, such as reducing inflammation and combating oxidative stress.

As people grow older, certain nutrient gaps can emerge; longevity supplements help fill these gaps while strengthening the body’s resilience, ultimately promoting both physical and mental wellbeing throughout the aging process.

The best supplements are backed by peer-reviewed research, clinical trials, and most importantly, measurable biomarker changes that prove they’re doing what they claim. This is why testing is so critical. 

To help you navigate these choices, we’ve ranked 15 of the most popular longevity supplements based on scientific evidence.

Our Evidence-Based Ranking System

Image of a doctor conducting scientific research.

To separate real results from marketing hype, we’ve developed a rigorous, evidence-based ranking system. Each recommendation is carefully assessed based on:

  • Scientific Backing: The quality and depth of clinical trials and mechanistic studies.
  • Safety Profile: Comprehensive research ensuring long-term safety.
  • Effectiveness: Proven bioavailability to deliver real results.

Rating Criteria:

Overall Evidence Rating:

  • 5/5: Extensive human clinical trials with consistent results
  • 4/5: Multiple human trials with strong mechanistic understanding
  • 3/5: Limited human trials but strong preclinical evidence
  • 2/5: Primarily animal studies
  • 1/5: Limited scientific evidence

Safety Profile:

  • 5/5: Extensive long-term safety data with minimal concerns
  • 4/5: Good safety profile with some considerations
  • 3/5: Moderate safety profile with known interactions
  • 2/5: Limited safety data or significant interactions
  • 1/5: Safety concerns present

Bioavailability Score:

  • 5/5: Excellent absorption with proven delivery mechanisms
  • 4/5: Good absorption with established uptake
  • 3/5: Moderate absorption with some limitations
  • 2/5: Poor absorption requiring specific formulations
  • 1/5: Very poor absorption with significant limitations

The 15 Best Longevity Supplements Ranked

Woman scientist staring at model genome

Each longevity supplement is rated based on research quality and measurable cellular impact to help you make an informed decision.

Here is our full list of the best longevity supplements in 2025:

  1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
  2. Magnesium
  3. Creatine
  4. Vitamin C
  5. NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)
  6. Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)
  7. Vitamin D
  8. Curcumin
  9. Fisetin
  10. Quercetin
  11. CoQ10
  12. Taurine
  13. Resveratrol
  14. Green Tea Extract (EGCG)
  15. GlyNAC (Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine)

1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Overall Evidence Rating: 5/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

Omega-3 fatty acids have been extensively studied for their potential impact on longevity and overall health. Research suggests that these fatty acids, particularly those derived from fish oils such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may contribute to a longer lifespan by influencing various health factors.

  • A 2021 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that higher blood levels of omega-3s were associated with a remarkable 4.7-year increase in life expectancy. This wasn’t just a minor statistical blip, as the study revealed that omega-3 levels in the blood were as potent a predictor of mortality risk as smoking.1
  • Omega-3s combat chronic inflammation, a major driver of age-related diseases. They also help maintain the integrity of cell membranes, particularly in the brain and retina.2
  • These fatty acids don’t just add years to life – they add life to years. Higher omega-3 levels correlate with improved cognitive function and a lower risk of dementia in older adults.3
  • The cardiovascular benefits of omega-3s are well-established. They reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular events.4
  • But perhaps most intriguingly, omega-3s may influence the very markers of cellular aging. One meta analysis revealed an overall beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the length of telomeres – protective structures at the ends of chromosomes that naturally shrink as we age.5

Supplementation tips:

  • The research suggests aiming for an Omega-3 Index (a measure of omega-3s in red blood cells) above 8%.6
  • The best approach to obtaining omega-3s is through whole food sources.
  • Fatty fish are the ultimate source, with the American Heart Association recommending at least two 3-ounce servings per week.7
  • If choosing a supplement, aim for the highest quality available, as up to 50% of fish oil supplements exceed recommended oxidation limits.8

2. Magnesium

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 5/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

Known for its involvement in over 300 enzymatic reactions9, magnesium supports important processes like energy production, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Beyond these well-known roles, magnesium directly impacts cellular function and resilience.

  • A meta-analysis of 19 prospective cohort studies (1,168,756 participants) investigating total, dietary, and supplemental magnesium intake found that greater dietary magnesium was linked to reduced all-cause mortality.10
  • Another meta-analysis found that magnesium supplementation significantly lowers blood pressure in people with hypertension11, with effects comparable to or exceeding many standard treatments, making it a valuable tool for cardiovascular health.
  • A 2024 review in Nutrients shows magnesium to be a critical factor in mitigating age-related physiological decline by targeting multiple pathways involved in aging, from genomic instability to cellular senescence.12
  • Higher magnesium levels are linked to improved bone mineral density.13 In fact, maintaining adequate magnesium is as important as calcium in preventing age-related bone loss.
  • Magnesium supports metabolic health14 by boosting insulin sensitivity and regulating blood sugar levels. 
  • It can also improve sleep quality15 by reducing the time it takes to fall asleep and promoting more restorative rest.

Supplementation tips: 

  • While the RDA ranges from 310-420 mg daily for adults16, individual needs vary based on lifestyle factors and health status.
  • Though whole foods like nuts, seeds, and leafy greens provide bioavailable forms, supplementation is often necessary for achieving optimal levels. 
  • The most bioavailable forms of magnesium include glycinate, chloride, bicarbonate, malate, and citrate.

3. Creatine

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 5/5

Bioavailability Score: 5/5

Creatine is a naturally occurring compound found in small amounts in certain foods and synthesized in the body from amino acids.17 It supports energy production, particularly during high-intensity exercise, making it one of the most popular supplements among athletes and gym-goers. 

  • Over 500 peer-reviewed studies confirm creatine’s direct impact on strength and power output. Athletes consistently show 5-15% improvements in high-intensity performance18, making it the most reliable supplement for athletic capacity.
  • In studies with aging mice, creatine reduced markers of aging like lipofuscin accumulation and increased lifespan by approximately 9%19.
  • Creatine also helps reduce muscle damage markers20 after intense training, decreases inflammation, and significantly shortens recovery time.
  • Brain function improves measurably with creatine supplementation. Studies demonstrate 15% faster reaction times and improved memory21 in individuals supplementing with creatine, particularly those starting with lower baseline levels.
  • This nutrient also increases ATP availability in neurons22, potentially slowing the progression of various neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Metabolic benefits stand out clearly: creatine improves glucose uptake when combined with exercise23. It supports insulin sensitivity even in sedentary individuals.

Our Scientific Formulation: Our pharmaceutical-grade Creatine ATP powder delivers a precise 4-gram daily serving that research has shown optimal for both performance and longevity benefits. Each batch undergoes rigorous purity testing to ensure you receive the highest quality supplement for your health optimization journey.

4. Vitamin C

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 5/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that orchestrates numerous essential processes in your body.24 Research continues to uncover new ways this vitamin supports optimal health at the cellular level.

  • Observational data from 11,348 U.S. adults followed for a median of 10 years showed that men in the highest quartile of total vitamin C intake had notably lower all-cause mortality compared to those in the lowest quartile.25
  • The latest research in Nutrition Reviews revealed that Vitamin C systematically neutralizes harmful free radicals26, creating a powerful defense network throughout your body.
  • Vitamin C is also essential for immune function27. Data shows it boosts white blood cell production and improves their effectiveness, strengthening your body’s natural defenses.
  • Cardiovascular research reveals vitamin C’s direct impact on heart health. This nutrient helps maintain arterial flexibility and supports healthy blood pressure28 important for cardiovascular wellness.
  • Vitamin C plays a crucial part in skin health, too. It supports collagen production, promoting skin strength and regeneration29, and contributing to your body’s natural renewal process.
  • Additionally, vitamin C can triple iron uptake from plant sources30, making your nutrition more effective.

Supplementation tips:

  • For optimal health, adults should aim for 75-90mg of vitamin C daily31, with some evidence suggesting that higher amounts may provide additional benefits. 
  • The tolerable upper intake level is set at 2,000 mg per day to prevent potential side effects.
  • Consuming a range of vitamin C-rich foods ensures you meet these recommendations and support your overall health.

5. NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a naturally occurring nucleotide that serves as a precursor to NAD+, an essential coenzyme involved in hundreds of cellular processes. As NAD+ levels decline with age, this depletion is tied to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and other hallmarks of aging. 

  • A 2022 randomized clinical trial found that daily NMN supplementation significantly increased blood NAD+ levels in middle-aged adults within 30 days. Participants also demonstrated improved physical performance in a six-minute walking test and maintained stable biological age markers compared to a placebo group, which showed signs of aging progression.32
  • Long-term NMN supplementation has been shown to delay frailty, improve gut health by enhancing intestinal barrier function, and extend lifespan in aging mice.33 These benefits were linked to increased expression of proteins like SIRT1 and reduced inflammation.
  • A 12-week study involving older adults revealed that NMN supplementation reduced arterial stiffness and improved muscle performance metrics like gait speed and grip strength34, suggesting its potential for combating age-related vascular and muscular decline.
  • In a study involving prediabetic women, NMN supplementation improved insulin sensitivity by 25% after just 10 weeks35. Participants also experienced improvements in muscle glucose uptake and overall glucose regulation.
  • Brain imaging studies show that NMN supplementation increases cerebral blood flow36 in regions related to memory and cognitive function.

Supplementation tips:

  • Typical NMN dosages range from 250 to 900 mg per day, depending on individual goals and health status.
  • Clinical trials have demonstrated that NMN supplements are safe and well-tolerated at doses up to 900 mg daily.
  • For optimal absorption, powder or capsule forms are often recommended.

Our Scientific Formulation: Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster combines pharmaceutical-grade NMN with synergistic ingredients like D-ribose and creatine monohydrate in a clinically validated formula. For best results, pair it with our Intracellular NAD® Test to measure your baseline levels and track your progress. Experience the difference that scientifically optimized NAD+ levels can make in your energy, metabolism, and cellular health.

6. Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

NR is a derivative of vitamin B3 and another well-studied NAD+ precursor that supports cellular energy production and repair.

  • A study in Nature Communications showed that NR supplementation increased NAD+ levels by 60% in humans37, with the elevated levels sustained throughout supplementation. 
  • Research in Nature found that NR supplementation reduced arterial stiffness and lowered blood pressure38 in adults, independent of lifestyle changes.
  • A 21-day study on older adults demonstrated that NR supplementation lowered markers of inflammation, suggesting its potential to mitigate age-related chronic diseases.39
  • Preclinical research suggests that NR may help protect against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s by enhancing NAD+-dependent processes.40
  • NR influences metabolic health as well. Studies show it improves insulin sensitivity and body composition41, supporting metabolic efficiency in aging individuals.

Supplementation tips:

  • Typical doses range from 250–1,000 mg per day, with 1,000 mg/day being well-tolerated in clinical studies.
  • NR is available as a standalone supplement or combined with other NAD+ precursors.

7. Vitamin D

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

Often called the “sunshine vitamin,” vitamin D plays an important role in calcium absorption, bone health, and immune function. Recent research has unveiled its potential impact on longevity and healthy aging.

  • A meta-analysis of 52 trials with 75,454 participants found that vitamin D supplementation was associated with a significant 16% reduction in cancer mortality.42
  • A systematic review of 25 randomized controlled trials (11,321 participants) demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of acute respiratory tract infections.43
  • A study at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging revealed that vitamin D activation of longevity genes led to a 33% increase in median lifespan44 in C. elegans. Vitamin D actively prevented protein misfolding associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
  • Vitamin D also acts as a master regulator of immune function, modulating inflammatory responses throughout the body.45
  • A systematic review shows that Vitamin D supplementation improves muscle performance and reduces fall risk in older adults.46

Supplementation tips: 

  • Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the preferred form for supplementation.
  • The RDA for adults 19-70 years is 600 IU (15 mcg) daily, increasing to 800 IU (20 mcg) for those over 70.
  • Many experts recommend higher doses, particularly for older adults or those at risk of deficiency. The Endocrine Society suggests 1,500-2,000 IU daily for adults over 19 years.47
  • Combining vitamin D with vitamin K2 may enhance its benefits for bone and cardiovascular health.
  • Regular monitoring of blood levels is recommended, as individual needs can vary widely based on factors like sun exposure, skin pigmentation, and age.

8. Curcumin

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 2/5

Curcumin, the vibrant yellow compound in turmeric, has been studied as a potent anti-aging agent with wide-ranging benefits for longevity and health. This golden spice, long used in traditional medicine, is backed by compelling scientific evidence for its role in promoting healthy aging.

  • A randomized, double-blind study found that curcumin supplementation (400 mg/day for 4 weeks) significantly enhanced sustained attention, working memory, and mood in healthy older adults aged 60-85.48
  • A 2023 study demonstrated curcumin’s ability to extend the lifespan of aging postmitotic cells, with maximal effects observed at lower concentrations, suggesting a hormetic response.49
  • Clinical trials demonstrate that curcumin can reduce inflammatory markers in arthritis patients50, showing comparable effectiveness to several anti-inflammatory medications. 
  • Curcumin has been shown to boost antioxidant enzyme activity by up to 300%51, creating a robust defense against oxidative damage and helping to reduce markers of cellular aging and stress.
  • A 12-week randomized controlled trial showed curcumin supplementation (2000 mg/day) improved vascular endothelial function in middle-aged and older adults52, potentially reducing the risk of age-related cardiovascular diseases.
  • An 18-month study revealed that curcumin supplementation (180 mg/day) significantly improved visual memory and attention in adults aged 51-84.53

Supplementation tips:

  • Effective doses in studies range from 80-2000 mg daily, with benefits observed even at lower doses.
  • Curcumin is poorly absorbed on its own. Look for formulations that enhance bioavailability, such as those combined with piperine or using liposomal delivery systems.
  • While generally safe, consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation, especially if you have pre-existing conditions or are on medication.

Our Scientific Formulation: Our Extra Strength turmeric curcumin supplement combines 95% curcuminoids, Boswellia, ginger root, and quercetin—enhanced with piperine for maximum bioavailability. This research-backed combination provides comprehensive support for healthy aging and inflammation management.

9. Fisetin

Overall Evidence Rating: 4/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

Fisetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, particularly strawberries, apples, and onions. Fisetin has increasing interest in longevity research for its ability to eliminate senescent cells, or aging cells that contribute to tissue dysfunction and chronic inflammation.

  • A 2018 study published in EBioMedicine identified fisetin as the most potent senolytic among 10 flavonoids tested. The research demonstrated that fisetin treatment reduced senescence markers in multiple tissues and extended median and maximum lifespan.54
  • A 2023 study in Aging Cell revealed that intermittent fisetin supplementation improved arterial function in old mice by decreasing vascular cell senescence.55 
  • Laboratory studies show that fisetin boosts cellular antioxidant levels, enhancing glutathione production and activating the Nrf2 pathway.56
  • Studies on mice with Huntington’s Disease showed that fisetin administration delayed the onset of motor defects and increased lifespan by 30%.57
  • In a 2024 pilot study on healthy adults over 50 years old, 4 out of 10 participants experienced a reduction in biological age after fisetin supplementation.58
  • Brain imaging studies indicate that fisetin raises brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels by up to 40%59, supporting neuronal growth and survival.
  • Fisetin also reduces inflammatory markers through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.60
  • Cardiovascular studies also show that fisetin improves arterial flexibility by up to 25% and reduces oxidative stress markers in blood vessels by 30%.61

Supplementation tips:

  • Studies have used doses equivalent to 200-500mg daily for one week per month.
  • Look for high-quality supplements that ensure bioavailability, as fisetin’s absorption can be limited.
  • When considering supplementation, consult with a healthcare professional.

Our Scientific Formulation: The SenoAid™ senolytic supplement complex combines optimal-dose fisetin with synergistic compounds like quercetin and bromelain, enhanced with piperine for maximum bioavailability.

10. Quercetin

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 2/5

Quercetin is a flavonoid found abundantly in fruits and vegetables, known for its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research shows it is a promising candidate for supporting longevity and mitigating age-related diseases.

  • A systematic review highlighted that quercetin supplementation significantly increases total antioxidant capacity and decreases markers of oxidative stress.62
  • A meta-analysis indicated that quercetin supplementation could lead to significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, supporting its role in preventing cardiovascular diseases.63
  • In another systematic review, quercetin has been shown to lower inflammatory markers, contributing to reduced joint pain and faster recovery in athletes.64
  • Long-term quercetin use has been associated with increased telomere length in elderly patients, indicating a potential geroprotective effect.65

Supplementation tips:

  • The typical dosage for quercetin supplementation ranges from 500 mg to 1,000 mg daily.
  • While dietary sources such as onions, apples, and berries are beneficial, achieving therapeutic levels through diet alone can be challenging; thus, supplementation may be necessary.
  • Quercetin’s bioavailability can be enhanced when taken with vitamin C or other compounds that support its absorption.

11. CoQ10

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) is a naturally occurring compound found in every cell of the human body. The body produces CoQ10 naturally, but levels tend to decrease with age. It’s particularly concentrated in organs with high energy demands like the heart, liver, kidneys, and muscles.

  • A meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials (2,149 participants) found that CoQ10 supplementation significantly reduced markers of inflammation and oxidative stress66, key factors in the aging process.
  • A landmark study published in JACC: Heart Failure demonstrated that long-term CoQ10 supplementation reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 43% and all-cause mortality by 42% in patients with chronic heart failure.67
  • A 2018 review in Frontiers in Physiology revealed that CoQ10 supplementation can improve mitochondrial function and alleviate symptoms of aging.68
  • A randomized controlled trial demonstrated that CoQ10 supplementation improved insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.69
  • A double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that CoQ10 supplementation improved exercise capacity and reduced fatigue in elderly individuals.70

Supplementation tips:

  • Typical dosages range from 100-200 mg daily.
  • CoQ10 is fat-soluble, so taking it with a meal containing healthy fats can enhance absorption.
  • The reduced form, ubiquinol, may be more bioavailable than ubiquinone, especially in older adults.

12. Taurine

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 4/5

Taurine is an amino sulfonic acid that occurs naturally in the body, particularly in the brain, heart, and muscles. Unlike many nutrients, taurine’s impact on health extends far beyond its basic physiological roles, with mounting evidence suggesting it could slow the aging process and protect against chronic diseases.

  • A groundbreaking study published in Science revealed that taurine supplementation can dramatically slow aging in mice, increasing their lifespan by up to 12%.71 This translates to a potential 7-8 year extension in human terms.
  • Taurine’s most profound impact appears to be its ability to combat chronic inflammation and oxidative stress72 – two primary drivers of age-related decline.
  • A review in the journal Atherosclerosis found that Taurine reduces cholesterol levels and inflammatory markers73, potentially lowering the risk of heart disease. 
  • Neurologically, taurine can help reduce brain inflammation and oxidative stress74, potentially lowering the risk of neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s.
  • Large-scale studies have shown it can improve glycemic control, with participants experiencing significant reductions in fasting blood glucose and insulin levels.75

Supplement tips:

  • Taurine is generally considered safe, with the European Food Safety Authority setting an upper limit of 6g per day.
  • Taurine can be taken with or without food, with some studies suggesting improved bioavailability on an empty stomach.

13. Resveratrol

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 2/5

Resveratrol is a natural compound found in several plants, most notably in the skin of red grapes, red wine, peanuts, and some berries. It belongs to a class of compounds called polyphenols and functions as an antioxidant.

  • Research shows that resveratrol can lower blood pressure and improve endothelial function76, which is essential for maintaining healthy blood vessels.
  • Resveratrol exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties77, which can help mitigate chronic inflammation linked to various diseases. 
  • It may also have anti-cancer properties by inhibiting cancer cell growth and promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death).78
  • Resveratrol can also protect against neurodegenerative diseases79 such as Alzheimer’s by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. 
  • Resveratrol supplementation could help manage blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes.80

Supplementation tips:

  • The optimal dosage of resveratrol is not yet established, but most studies use doses ranging from 150 mg to 1000 mg per day.
  • Resveratrol has low bioavailability when taken orally, so look for supplements that enhance absorption, such as those combined with piperine.
  • Time-release formulations may provide more consistent blood levels throughout the day.

14. Green Tea Extract (EGCG)

Overall Evidence Rating: 3/5

Safety Profile: 3/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

EGCG or epigallocatechin gallate is the most abundant and potent catechin found in green tea extract, accounting for about 50-80% of the total catechins in green tea. It’s a natural polyphenol compound that acts as a powerful antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

  • A study published in 2023 revealed that EGCG supplementation over 18 months increased median lifespan by approximately 25% in mice. This remarkable extension was accompanied by a 46.96% average lowered risk of death.81
  • EGCG has shown numerous cardiovascular health promoting activities and has therapeutic properties such as anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cardiac hypertrophy, anti-myocardial infarction, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant.82
  • Green tea’s components, EGCG and its degradation products, promote neuronal differentiation and reduce stress, which may help suppress brain aging.83
  • EGCG consumption during aging strengthens systemic immunity, potentially alleviating age-associated issues in immunity and immunosenescence.84
  • There is also growing evidence that EGCG may inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death)85 in various cancer types.

Supplementation tips:

  • For supplements: 200-400mg per day is generally considered safe for most healthy adults.
  • When consuming via green tea: 3-5 cups per day (providing roughly 200-500mg EGCG).
  • Avoid if you have liver problems or take medications affecting the liver.
  • Don’t exceed 800mg EGCG per day from all sources combined.

15. GlyNAC (Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine)

Overall Evidence Rating: 2/5

Safety Profile: 4/5

Bioavailability Score: 3/5

GlyNAC is a combination supplement containing glycine and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), two amino acids that play important roles in the body’s production of master antioxidant glutathione,. Research has shown that GlyNAC supplementation may help address age-related decline in glutathione levels and improve multiple hallmarks of aging.

  • GlyNAC supplementation in mice increases lifespan and improves age-associated defects, warranting further investigation.86
  • A randomized control trial found that older adults taking GlyNAC for 24 weeks experienced a marked increase in glutathione87, which is essential for combating oxidative stress and maintaining cellular health.
  • A 2021 study published in the Journal of Nutrition showed that GlyNAC supplementation corrected mitochondrial dysfunction in older participants, leading to improvements in energy production and overall cellular function.88
  • GlyNAC supplementation can improve brain health and cognitive decline in older adults and aged mice, potentially reversing cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.89

Supplementation tips:

  • Taking glycine and NAC separately may not provide the same benefits as taking them together in the form of GlyNAC.
  • The optimal ratio of glycine to NAC is typically 1:1.
  • Most studies recommend starting with 600mg-1,200mg daily of GlyNAC.
  • Consult a healthcare provider before starting GlyNAC, especially if you have existing medical conditions or are taking medications.

How to Safely Choose an Anti-Aging Supplement

Picture of a woman holding anti-aging supplement.

Navigating the world of anti-aging supplements can feel like walking through a maze – there are so many options, each promising miraculous results. Choosing wisely is critical to protecting your health and seeing benefits.

First things first, do your homework. Look for supplements with ingredients backed by real scientific research. Think of it like choosing a personal trainer. You want someone (or in this case, something) with credentials and a track record of delivering results.

When you’re just starting out, go slow. Start with lower doses to see how your body responds. This approach helps you avoid potential side effects and gives you a chance to understand what works for your unique body.

Most importantly, be extra cautious if you’re taking other medications. Some supplements can interact in surprising ways with prescription drugs. A vitamin that seems harmless could potentially interfere with your heart medication or blood thinners. This is why consulting with a healthcare provider isn’t just a suggestion – it’s a necessity.

Your healthcare provider is your best support in this journey. They can provide personalized guidance based on your specific health history, current medications, and individual needs. They’ll help you navigate potential interactions and find the right supplement for you.

Lifestyle Factors for Better Aging

Picture of an old couple jogging.

While anti-aging supplements can be valuable tools in supporting your health, they’re most effective when integrated into a comprehensive wellness strategy. These targeted nutritional supports work best alongside a balanced diet, regular exercise, quality sleep, and mindful lifestyle choices. 

  • Regular Exercise: Both cardio and strength training improve muscle strength, endurance, and heart health while reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
  • Sleep Quality: Quality sleep is essential for the body’s repair processes, and cognitive function, and for reducing the risk of age-related diseases.
  • Stress Management: Techniques like meditation and deep breathing lower stress hormones, improve emotional well-being, and improve resilience.
  • Strong Social Connections: Maintaining close relationships and social networks is linked to longer life and better mental health.
  • Mental Challenges: Lifelong learning and intellectually stimulating activities help maintain cognitive function and reduce dementia risk.
  • Whole Food Diet: A nutrient-rich diet of whole foods supports overall health, reduces inflammation, and supports supplement effectiveness.

By approaching supplements as one piece of a holistic health puzzle, you can optimize their potential benefits and support your body’s natural aging process more effectively.

Your Personal Longevity Equation: Testing and Optimization

Image of a matured woman looking in the mirror.

Your biological age isn’t always the same as your chronological age. Modern science has revealed that genetic variations, lifestyle choices, and environmental exposures combine to create distinct patterns of cellular aging in each person. 

Understanding your personal biomarkers isn’t just helpful – it’s fundamental for optimization.

The AgingSOS® Advanced Panel provides deep insights through 22 critical cellular markers:

  • NAD+ metabolism: Essential for cellular energy production, DNA repair, and healthy aging mechanisms
  • Senescence markers: Identifying the accumulation of aging cells that affect tissue function
  • Inflammatory cytokines: Measuring cellular stress and immune system balance Discover our inflammation testing

These markers, combined with the AgeRate Epigenetic Age Test of DNA methylation patterns, create a comprehensive map of your biological age. This precise data reveals which areas of your cellular health need attention and allows for targeted interventions.

Rather than following generic health protocols, your test results enable the creation of a personalized optimization strategy. Each supplement, lifestyle modification, and intervention is chosen based on your unique biological data.

Transform your health journey from guesswork to science.

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What is Cellular Nutrition and Why Is It Important?

Your body is a bustling city of 37 trillion tiny citizens – your cells. Each one of these microscopic building blocks needs precise nutrition to keep your body running at its peak. Yet most of us think about nutrition only in terms of what we put on our plates, without considering whether those nutrients actually reach our cells.

Just like a city needs its supply chains working perfectly to thrive, your body requires optimal cellular nutrition to maintain energy, fight aging, and prevent disease. Recent research suggests that many modern health issues, from chronic fatigue to accelerated aging, may stem from nutrition problems at the cellular level – even in people who eat seemingly healthy diets.


In this article, you will learn:

  • How cellular nutrition differs from regular nutrition – going beyond what you eat to understand how nutrients are actually used by your 37 trillion cells

  • The critical processes involved in cellular nutrition, from digestion to mitochondrial energy production, and why they matter for your health

  • Common factors that can compromise cellular health, including modern diet challenges, digestive issues, stress, and environmental toxins

  • Essential nutrients and supplements that support optimal cellular function, including specific vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and compounds like Curcumin and NAD+ precursors

Making a conscious decision to fill your plate with real, whole foods while avoiding excess sugar and processed foods will impact your body all the way down to the cellular level.

What is Cellular Nutrition?

Cellular nutrition refers to the precise delivery and utilization of nutrients at the microscopic level where your cells can actually use them. Think of it as getting nutrients not just into your digestive system, but directly to the tiny “factories” in your body where they power essential functions.

Your cells acquire nutrients through a sophisticated process that goes far beyond simply eating healthy foods:

  1. Digestion breaks down food into absorbable components
  2. The intestinal wall selectively allows nutrients to enter the bloodstream
  3. Specialized transport proteins carry nutrients through cell membranes
  4. Cell organelles process these nutrients into usable forms
  5. Mitochondria convert nutrients into cellular energy (ATP)

Each nutrient plays specific roles in keeping your cells healthy and functioning optimally:

  • Proteins provide the building blocks for cell repair and enzyme production
  • Fats maintain cell membrane integrity and support hormone production
  • Carbohydrates fuel immediate energy needs
  • Vitamins and minerals act as cofactors for thousands of cellular reactions
  • Antioxidants protect cellular components from damage

When cells receive optimal nutrition, they efficiently produce energy, repair damage, remove waste, and carry out their specialized functions – whether they’re muscle cells contracting, brain cells transmitting signals, or immune cells fighting infections.

Difference Between Cellular Nutrition and Regular Nutrition

Regular nutrition focuses on what you eat, while cellular nutrition zeroes in on what your cells actually receive and use. This distinction makes all the difference in your health outcomes.

Regular Nutrition:

  • Emphasizes calories and macro ratios
  • Measures food intake and portion sizes
  • Focuses on dietary choices and meal planning
  • Success measured by weight and basic blood markers
  • Takes a “what goes in” approach

Cellular Nutrition:

  • Prioritizes nutrient bioavailability and absorption
  • Tracks cellular energy production and efficiency
  • Considers factors like nutrient transport and utilization
  • Success measured by cellular health markers and functional outcomes
  • Takes a “what gets used” approach

Think of it this way: Regular nutrition is like loading cargo onto a ship, while cellular nutrition ensures the cargo reaches its intended destination and gets properly used. You might eat the perfect diet, but if those nutrients aren’t reaching your cells effectively, you won’t experience optimal health benefits.

This explains why two people following identical diets might experience vastly different results – their cellular nutrition capacity could differ significantly based on factors like digestive health, stress levels, sleep quality, and metabolic efficiency.

Key Takeaway: While regular nutrition focuses on what you consume, cellular nutrition tracks how effectively your body actually absorbs and utilizes those nutrients at the cellular level, which can explain why identical diets may produce different results in different people.

Why is Optimal Cellular Nutrition Important?

Getting nutrition right at the cellular level unlocks a cascade of health benefits that affect every aspect of your well-being. When your cells receive optimal nutrition, you’re not just surviving – you’re thriving at the most fundamental level.

Research has revealed that cellular nutrition plays a central role in how we age. Here’s how:

  • DNA Protection: Properly nourished cells maintain stronger DNA repair mechanisms, protecting your genetic code from damage that accelerates aging1.

  • Mitochondrial Health: Well-fed mitochondria (your cells’ power plants) produce clean energy with fewer damaging free radicals, slowing the aging process2.

  • Cellular Clean-up: Optimal nutrition supports autophagy – your cells’ natural cleaning process that removes damaged components and toxins3.

  • Telomere Maintenance: Good cellular nutrition helps preserve telomeres – the protective caps on your chromosomes that naturally shorten with age4.

Think of cellular nutrition as your internal fountain of youth. When your cells receive exactly what they need, they maintain youthful function longer, potentially adding both years to your life and life to your years.

Factors Compromising Health at the Cellular Level

Your cellular health faces daily challenges from both obvious and hidden sources. Understanding these threats helps you protect your cells and maintain optimal function.

Modern diets often work against cellular health, even when they seem healthy on the surface. Processed foods, refined sugars, and industrial seed oils create cellular stress through inflammation and oxidation5. Even seemingly nutritious foods can work against you if they contain pesticides6, heavy metals7, or other toxins that damage cellular function.

What matters isn’t just what you eat, but how your food is grown, processed, and prepared. For example, vegetables grown in depleted soil may look perfect but lack essential minerals your cells need8. Overcooking can destroy delicate nutrients9, while improper food combinations might block nutrient absorption.

Getting nutrients into your bloodstream is more complex than most people realize. Your digestive system might be compromised without you knowing it, preventing proper nutrient absorption.

Common issues include:

  • Low stomach acid levels prevent proper protein breakdown10.
  • Imbalanced gut bacteria interfere with nutrient extraction11.
  • Inflammatory conditions reduce nutrient absorption through intestinal walls.
  • Even timing matters – taking certain supplements or eating certain foods together can block absorption of key nutrients12.

Your lifestyle choices dramatically impact how well your cells can use available nutrients:

  • Chronic stress depletes vitamin C, B vitamins, and minerals faster than most people can replenish them13.
  • Poor sleep disrupts cellular repair processes and alters how cells use nutrients14.
  • Without adequate recovery time, exercise can create oxidative stress that overwhelms cellular defenses15.

The relationship works both ways – when cells are properly nourished, they become more resilient to stress, support better sleep quality, and respond more effectively to exercise. This creates either a virtuous or vicious cycle, depending on your choices.

Temperature exposure, environmental toxins, and electromagnetic fields add another layer of complexity to cellular health. Your cells must constantly adapt to these modern challenges while trying to maintain optimal function.

Understanding these factors helps you make informed choices about protecting your cellular health. Small adjustments in diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposure can make a significant difference in how well your cells function.

Key Takeaway: Your cellular health is constantly influenced by a complex web of factors including diet quality, food sourcing, nutrient absorption, lifestyle choices, and environmental exposures – all of which must be optimized together for your cells to function at their best.

Essential Nutrients for Cellular Health

Understanding the nutrients your cells need helps you make informed choices about diet and supplementation. Each category of nutrients plays unique and interconnected roles in cellular function.

These compounds often work synergistically – their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual benefits. For example, vitamin C regenerates vitamin E after it neutralizes free radicals, making both more effective at protecting your cells.

fresh fruits 2305192 640 1

Macronutrients

Proteins

  • Provide essential amino acids for cell repair and enzyme production
  • Support cell membrane structure and transport proteins
  • Enable proper immune system function and antibody production

Healthy Fats

  • Form the structural basis of cell membranes
  • Enable fat-soluble vitamin absorption
  • Provide dense energy storage for cells
  • Support brain cell function and nerve signal transmission

Quality Carbs

  • Supply immediate cellular energy needs
  • Spare protein from being used for energy
  • Support cellular glycogen storage
  • Feed beneficial gut bacteria that influence cellular health

Micronutrients

Essential Minerals

  • Zinc powers immune cell function and protein synthesis
  • Magnesium activates over 300 cellular enzymes
  • Selenium supports cellular antioxidant systems
  • Iron enables cellular energy production and oxygen transport

Vitamins

  • Vitamin D regulates hundreds of genes affecting cellular health
  • B-complex vitamins enable energy production and DNA repair
  • Vitamin C supports collagen formation and cellular antioxidant defense
  • Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative damage

Antioxidants and Phytonutrients

  • Polyphenols from berries and dark chocolate
  • Carotenoids from orange and red vegetables
  • Sulforaphane from cruciferous vegetables
  • Anthocyanins from purple and blue foods
  • Resveratrol from grapes and wine

The Best Supplements for Cellular Health

While a nutrient-rich diet forms the foundation of cellular health, specific supplements can provide targeted support for optimal cellular function. Here’s a deep dive into the most effective supplements for cellular health.

Curcumin

Curcumin, the active compound in high quality turmeric supplements, exhibits powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that protect cells from oxidative stress and damage. It supports cellular health by modulating various signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell survival16.

To experience these powerful cellular health benefits, try our Extra Strength Turmeric+ curcumin supplement. Our premium formula delivers an optimal 950mg of high-purity curcuminoids enhanced with Boswellia, ginger root, quercetin, and piperine for maximum absorption and effectiveness. This synergistic blend is specifically designed to amplify curcumin’s natural protective properties while ensuring superior bioavailability – with piperine increasing absorption by up to 2000%.

  • Reduces chronic low-grade inflammation17
  • Helps inhibit cellular senescence, the process of cellular aging18
  • Preserves mitochondrial function and dynamics19
  • Induces autophagy, the cellular recycling process that removes damaged components20

CoQ10

CoQ10 acts as a powerful antioxidant in cells, protecting them from oxidative damage and supporting mitochondrial function. As an essential component of the electron transport chain, it enables the production of cellular energy in the form of ATP21.

  • Supports mitochondrial function
  • Boosts cellular energy production
  • Protects cells from oxidative stress
  • Particularly benefits heart and brain cells

Alpha Lipoic Acid

Alpha Lipoic Acid is a potent antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in cells. It also supports mitochondrial function and energy production, while helping to regenerate other antioxidants like vitamins C and E22.

  • Potent antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in cells
  • Both water- and fat-soluble, allowing it to work throughout the body and in all parts of cells
  • Binds to and helps remove toxic heavy metals from cells23
  • May help protect nerve cells from damage and support healthy nerve function
  • Modulates various signaling pathways in cells, including insulin signaling and NF-κB pathways24

Glutathione

Glutathione is often called the “master antioxidant” and plays a vital role in protecting cells from oxidative damage and supporting detoxification processes. It helps maintain cellular health by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, and supporting mitochondrial function25.

  • Removes cellular toxins and heavy metals
  • Protects against oxidative damage
  • Supports immune cell function
  • Maintains cellular repair processes

B Vitamins

B vitamins act as essential coenzymes in numerous cellular metabolic processes, supporting energy production, DNA synthesis, and nervous system function. They maintain cellular health by supporting mitochondrial function and protecting against oxidative stress26.

  • B1 (Thiamine) is essential for cellular energy production and neurological function
  • B6 is involved in over 140 enzymatic reactions related to protein metabolism
  • B9 (Folate) is critical for DNA synthesis and repair, as well as amino acid metabolism
  • B12 is particularly important for cellular metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Magnesium

Magnesium is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, supporting cellular energy production, protein synthesis, and DNA repair. It helps maintain cellular health by regulating ion channels, supporting mitochondrial function, and protecting against oxidative stress27.

  • Supports energy production
  • Enables proper muscle cell function
  • Helps maintain cellular electrical balance
  • Supports DNA repair processes

NAD+ Precursors

NAD+ precursors increase NAD+ levels at the cellular level, playing an essential role in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and the function of sirtuins—proteins that govern cellular health and longevity. Through their ability to improve NAD+ status, these precursors optimize mitochondrial performance and strengthen cells’ resilience to metabolic stress.

Experience these cellular health benefits with Vitality ↑® NAD+ Booster, our clinically proven formula that combines NMN, creatine monohydrate, D-ribose, and nicotinamide. This patent-pending formulation uniquely targets multiple NAD+ production pathways while supporting ATP energy levels and neurological function.

Vitality NAD+ Booster promotional image

Your Blueprint for Optimal Cellular Health

The journey to optimal health begins at the cellular level. With a good understanding and optimal support for your body’s fundamental units, you can unlock unprecedented levels of vitality, resilience, and well-being. Cellular nutrition is an investment in your body’s long-term health – one that pays dividends in energy, mental clarity, and healthy aging.

Start by addressing the basics: clean, nutrient-dense foods, quality sleep, stress management, and regular movement. Then, strategically add targeted supplements based on your individual needs. Remember that cellular health isn’t about quick fixes – it’s about creating an environment where your 37 trillion cells can thrive.

Your cells are constantly regenerating and repairing themselves. Every choice you make either supports or hinders this process. By making cellular nutrition a priority, you’re not just improving your health today – you’re building a foundation for vibrant health that can last a lifetime.

Take action today:

  • Know your cellular health baseline with our comprehensive AgingSOS® inflammation panel, an at-home test kit which measures key markers of cellular aging including intracellular NAD levels and senescence indicators like β-galactosidase and vital inflammatory proteins
  • Evaluate your current diet and lifestyle through the lens of cellular health
  • Identify and eliminate factors that may be sabotaging your cellular nutrition
  • Gradually incorporate supportive supplements
  • Monitor how you feel as your cellular health improves

Remember: your cells are always listening to the signals you send through your daily choices. Make those signals count. Our AgingSOS® panel gives you the insights you need to make informed decisions about your cellular nutrition strategy, helping you target interventions where they matter most.

Referenced Sources:

  1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7692274/ ↩︎
  2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417658/ ↩︎
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3996457/ ↩︎
  4. https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-abstract/73/1/39/3828300 ↩︎
  5. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780813807263.ch12 ↩︎
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35770924/ ↩︎
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11155795/ ↩︎
  8. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Impact-of-Long-Term-Continuous-Cropping-on-Soil-Kartini-Saifulloh/d96941aeca35ce21852c0b957ff51d270843d927 ↩︎
  9. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6049644/ ↩︎
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238915/ ↩︎
  11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5847071/ ↩︎
  12. https://fppn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s43014-020-0020-5 ↩︎
  13. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7442351/ ↩︎
  14. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4548518/ ↩︎
  15. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5908316/ ↩︎
  16. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/turmeric-benefits ↩︎
  17. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5664031/ ↩︎
  18. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332220313123 ↩︎
  19. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3274693/ ↩︎
  20. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10005252/ ↩︎
  21. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3178961/ ↩︎
  22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564301/ ↩︎
  23. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6723188/ ↩︎
  24. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6723188/ ↩︎
  25. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10135322/ ↩︎
  26. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9662251/ ↩︎
  27. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4379450/ ↩︎

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